RECUPERAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NA DISPOSIÇÃO DE ESTÉRIL EM MINERAÇÃO DE CALCÁRIO

Overburden material and waste are the main residues generated by mining, with attention regard to its proper handling and disposal. Although the limestone extraction that comprise basic unit operations over the years moving large volumes of sterile, which is deposited in piles. In this context the present study aims to evaluate and propose improvements to the constructive aspects of the piles under study, identifying the environmental impacts and proposing mitigation and compensation measures, as appropriate. To obtain the data was carried out topographic survey and processing the same, first in the Excel worksheet, and later they were used in the Surfer and Autocad software. In the environmental impact assessment was used to Leopold matrix and ISO 14001 parameters, defining prioritization criteria of the significances impacts. The study of geometric survey indicated problems on the conformation of slopes and berms, although factors such as maximum height and the conservation of permanent preservation areas are in agreement. As for stability, the safety factors values are, on average, according to the law that determining a minimum of 1.5, however, some intermediate slopes do not reach this value. There are also areas that do not attending the proposed good practices such as slope angle of less than 36, but in the whole pile are not observed signs of rupture. The environmental impact assessment carried out revealed that 50% of impacts are severe and 50% are medium, which were proposed mitigation and compensation measures and action plans and monitoring. In conclusion it can be said that the pile attending only in part the standards and best practices, which is essential in the implementation of the measures and the action plan proposed.Os estéreis e os rejeitos são os principais resíduos gerados pela mineração, merecendo atenção no que diz respeito a seu correto manuseio e destinação. Apesar da lavra de calcário, comumente, compreender operações unitárias básicas, ao longo dos anos movimenta grandes volumes de estéril que é depositado em pilhas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visa avaliar e propor melhorias aos aspectos construtivos da pilha em estudo, identificando os impactos ambientais e propondo as medidas mitigadoras e compensatórias cabíveis. Para obtenção dos dados, foi realizado levantamento topográfico e processamento dos mesmos, primeiramente na planilha Excel e posteriormente nos softwares Surfer e Autocad. Na avaliação de impacto ambiental foi utilizada a matriz de Leopold e parâmetros da ISO 14001, definindo-se critérios de hierarquização da significância dos impactos. O levantamento geométrico realizado apontou problemas quanto à conformação de taludes e bermas, apesar de fatores como altura máxima e conservação de áreas de preservação permanente estarem de acordo. Quanto à estabilidade, os valores de fator de segurança estão, em média, de acordo com a legislação, que determina um mínimo de 1,5, entretanto, alguns taludes intermediários não alcançam este valor. Há, também, zonas que não atendem às boas práticas propostas, como ângulo de talude inferior a 36º, porém, em toda a pilha não são verificados sinais de ruptura. A avaliação de impacto ambiental realizada constatou que 50% dos impactos são graves e 50% são médios, aos quais foram propostas medidas mitigadoras e compensatórias e planos de ação e monitoramento. Como conclusão, pode-se dizer que a pilha atende somente em parte às normas e boas práticas, sendo de fundamental importância a implantação das medidas e de plano de ação propostos

Diversity and ethics in trauma and acute care surgery teams: results from an international survey

Background Investigating the context of trauma and acute care surgery, the article aims at understanding the factors that can enhance some ethical aspects, namely the importance of patient consent, the perceptiveness of the ethical role of the trauma leader, and the perceived importance of ethics as an educational subject. Methods The article employs an international questionnaire promoted by the World Society of Emergency Surgery. Results Through the analysis of 402 fully filled questionnaires by surgeons from 72 different countries, the three main ethical topics are investigated through the lens of gender, membership of an academic or non-academic institution, an official trauma team, and a diverse group. In general terms, results highlight greater attention paid by surgeons belonging to academic institutions, official trauma teams, and diverse groups. Conclusions Our results underline that some organizational factors (e.g., the fact that the team belongs to a university context or is more diverse) might lead to the development of a higher sensibility on ethical matters. Embracing cultural diversity forces trauma teams to deal with different mindsets. Organizations should, therefore, consider those elements in defining their organizational procedures. Level of evidence Trauma and acute care teams work under tremendous pressure and complex circumstances, with their members needing to make ethical decisions quickly. The international survey allowed to shed light on how team assembly decisions might represent an opportunity to coordinate team member actions and increase performance

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

O desenvolvimento da lógica no Brasil: da herança ibero-portuguesa aos primórdios do século XIX

Que lógica foi ensinada no Brasil durante o século XIX? Foi ela desenvolvida formalmente? Que relações mantiveram a lógica, a filosofia e as ciências? Considerando o contexto da lógica ibero-européia dos séculos XVI-XVIII, quais dos seus aspectos foram identificados nas manifestações de lógica encontradas no Brasil? Qual era o papel da lógica neste contexto? Com efeito, os intelectuais brasileiros, tal como seus pares europeus esperavam que a lógica sustentasse as ciências e a racionalidade, provendo-lhes uma teoria geral da argumentação e da verdade, do método e da ciência. Aqui como lá, a compreensão de lógica subjugou a abordagem formal

On the history of paraconsistency and da Costa's work : the establishment of Paraconsistent Logic

Orientador: Itala Maria Loffredo D'OttavianoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências HumanasResumo: A instauração da lógica paraconsistente, o levantamento e a descrição de seus antecedentes históricos, bem como a análise de seus fundamentos filosóficos são aqui apresentados sob a ótica da historiografia contemporânea da lógica. O estádio atual da lógica paraconsistente permite historiar sua instauração e, de modo quase arqueológico, reconstituir a pré-história dessa abordagem e de suas esquematizações lógico-teóricas. Estudamos, particularmente, os efeitos da contradição em contextos racionais e os instrumentos lógico-teóricos de sua contenção, manuseio ou assimilação. Formas de paraconsistência lato e stricto sensu são estabelecidas à medida em que o ex falso, lei lógica que sustém que qualquer fórmula se segue de uma inconsistência formal, se verifica ou não é válida, em teorias e contextos racionais nos quais vigorem, por exemplo, a lógica clássica ou intuicionista. Tal lei lógica não vale nas teorias paraconsistentes, que podem conter inconsistências sem que sejam triviais. Consideramos textos, contextos e marcos do ponto de vista analítico, descritivo e histórico a fim de desvelar as formas de cultivo dessa abordagem. Na Parte I, historiamos a pré-história da paraconsistência. No Capítulo 1, Elementos lógico-paraconsistentes em autores antigos, identificamos e coligimos textos significativos para os primórdios da paraconsistência no pensamento ocidental, a partir dos quais delineamos uma interpretação que vincula elementos paraconsistentes às realizações teóricas de Heráclito de Éfeso, Aristóteles e os estoicos. No Capítulo 2, Elementos lógico-paraconsistentes em autores medievais, estudamos a maturação dos elementos relativos à abordagem da contradição no pensamento racional, herdados, em parte, do período anterior; há fundamentos paraconsistentes em autores como Pedro Abelardo, Pedro Hispano e Guilherme de Ockham, que por sua própria elaboração, elevaram tais elementos à sofisticação daqueles encontrados na polêmica acerca da admissibilidade ou não do ex falso. Na Parte II, historiamos a paraconsistência stricto sensu propriamente dita e seu prelúdio. Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital.Abstract: The establishment of paraconsistent logic, the quest for and the description of its historical background, as well as the analysis of their philosophical foundations are here presented by the way of contemporary historiography of logic. Nowadays paraconsistent logic stage of development allows writing the history of its instauration and, in a quite archeological way, to rebuilt the prehistory of this approach and their theoretical schemata. We specially study contradiction effects over rational contexts and the logical and theoretical tools for its suppression, handling or absorption. Broad and strict paraconsistency are also confirmed by the level of refusal of the ex falso. Such logical law affirms that every formula follows from a formal inconsistency and, it is related to the formal trivialization of the theories if underlying logic involved were, for instance, classical or intuitionist. In paraconsistent theories, on the other hand, ex falso does not hold in general. Such theories can be inconsistent but being not trivial. We consider texts, contexts and historical marks from analytical, descriptive and historical point of views in order to understand its formation chains. In Part I, we tell the history of the antecedents of paraconsistent approach. In Chapter 1, Paraconsistent logical elements in ancient authors, we identify and gather meaningful texts to the prehistory of paraconsistency in Western thought. From those elements, we outline an interpretation that matches paraconsistent elements to the theoretical achievements of Heraclitus of Ephesus, Aristotle and by the Stoics. In Chapter 2, Paraconsistent logical elements in medieval authors, we study the growing process concerning handling with contradiction in the rational thought, most of them inspired in the treatment of the issue in the former tradition. There are paraconsistent ground, for instance, in the work of Peter Abelard, Peter of Spain and William of Ockham. Such authors, by their own effort, could arise such elements into sophisticated arguments found in their discussion if ex falso is or not admissible. In Part II, we have the history of strict paraconsistent positions properly said and its prelude. Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic documentDoutoradoFilosofiaDoutor em Filosofi