Artrogrypoza: pre- i postnatalne różnicowanie. Przypadek kliniczny zespołu Pena-Shokeir

Artrogrypoza to grupa objawów, której istotą są wielostawowe przykurcze. Stanowi składową licznych zespołów klasyfikowanych jako między innymi: choroby jednogenowe (autosomalne recesywne, autosomalne dominujące, sprzężone z chromosomem X), aberracje chromosomowe, wady rozwojowe, często związane z czynnikami środowiskowymi. Główną przyczyną jest zmniejszenie ruchów płodu (akinezja płodu) spowodowane czynnikami płodowymi lub matczynymi. Zespół Pena-Shokeir typu I (PSS I) jest rzadką chorobą genetyczną dziedziczoną autosomalnie recesywnie, charakteryzującą się współistnieniem następujących cech: artrogrypozy, dysplazji płuc, makrocefalii, dysmorfii oraz często niskiej masy urodzeniowej. Zespół jest zwykle letalny, do zgonu płodu dochodzi najczęściej wewnątrzłonowo. Opisany przypadek dotyczy noworodka, u którego prenatalnie w badaniu ultrasonograficznym stwierdzono obniżoną aktywność ruchową oraz deformacje kończyn pod postacią przykurczy śródstawowych, obserwowano również mikro- i retrognatię. Na podstawie powyższych objawów wysunięto podejrzenie PSS I. Pomimo pewnych cech zespołu ujawnionych w okresie płodowym pełne różnicowanie oraz postawienie ostatecznej diagnozy było możliwe dopiero po porodzie. Dziecko urodziło się o czasie z prawidłową masą urodzeniową. U noworodka stwierdzono liczne cechy dymorficzne: mikroftalmię, duże, nisko osadzone małżowiny uszne, gotyckie podniebienie oraz mikro- i retrognatię, nadgarstki ustawione zgięciowo w stawach, nachodzące na siebie palce rąk, stopy piętowe. Nie stwierdzono patologii w zakresie układu nerwowego oraz serca. Od urodzenia obserwowano zaburzenia oddychania, w badaniu scyntygraficznym rozpoznano dysplazję płuc. Pomimo leczenia u dziecka rozwinęło się nadciśnienie płucne, które doprowadziło do zgonu w czwartym miesiącu życia. Forum Medycyny Rodzinnej 2011, tom 5, nr 4, 352–35

Zespół Lescha-Nyhana — opóźnienie rozwoju psychoruchowego o nietypowym przebiegu klinicznym. Trudności diagnostyczne

This article presents an uncommon case of a 3.5-year-old boy, who showed delayed psychomotor development and self-injuring behaviour from 4 months of age. The child had been examined in several hospitals of different specialisations. Ultrasound, CT and MRI scans were carried out as part of the diagnostic procedures, in addition to numerous biochemical analyses including metabolism tests: analysis of acylcarnitines in a dried blood sample using tandem MS, analysis of organic acid content in urine using GCMS and analysis of transferrin isoforms to detect protein glycosylation defects. None of the tests resulted in a conclusive diagnosis. Despite the typical progression of the condition only during the fourth hospitalisation was it correctly identified as Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. A simple and widely accessible test of uric acid concentration in blood was the key to the diagnosis. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a hereditary disruption of purine metabolism caused by a marked deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HG PRT) activity. HGPRT insufficiency leads to increased production of uric acid. The main symptoms of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are neurological and cognitive impairment and self-injuring behaviour. The course of the disease is progressive and prognosis unfavourable, however correct diagnosis allows prescribing appropriate rehabilitation as well as minimising the consequences of hyperuricemia.W artykule przedstawiono rzadki przypadek 3,5-letniego chłopca, u którego od 4. Miesiąca życia obserwowano opóźnienie rozwoju psychoruchowego z napadami autoagresji. Dziecko było diagnozowane w kilku szpitalach o różnym stopniu referencyjności. W toku diagnostyki wykonano różne badania obrazowe: ultrasonograficzne, tomografię komputerową, rezonans magnetyczny oraz liczne badania laboratoryjne, także w kierunku zaburzeń metabolizmu (analiza acylokarnityn w suchej kropli krwi metodą tandem MS, profil kwasów organicznych w moczu metodą chromatografii gazowej sprzężonej ze spektrometrią — GCMS, izoformy transferyny w kierunku zaburzeń glikozylacji białek). Żadne z powyższych badań nie pomogło w ustaleniu rozpoznania. Mimo typowego przebiegu choroby, dopiero podczas czwartej hospitalizacji udało się postawić właściwą diagnozę —zespół Lescha-Nyhana. Kluczowe okazało się wykonanie jednego prostego i powszechnie dostępnego badania — oznaczenie stężenia kwasu moczowego we krwi. Zespół Lescha-Nyhana to wrodzona wada metabolizmu z grupy zaburzeń w przemianie puryn, spowodowana znacznym niedoborem fosforybozylotransferazy hipoksantynowo-guaninowej (HGPRT). Deficyt enzymu prowadzi do nadprodukcji kwasu moczowego. Zespół Lescha-Nyhana charakteryzuje się 3 głównymi grupami objawów: zaburzeniami neurologicznymi, zaburzeniami funkcji kognitywnych (poznawczych), dewiacją zachowań. Przebieg choroby jest postępujący, a rokowanie niepomyślne, jednakże postawienie rozpoznania pozwala na włączenie odpowiedniej rehabilitacji oraz na zminimalizowanie powikłań przewlekłej hiperurykemii

Znaczenie badania tomografii rezonansu magnetycznego mózgowia w diagnostyce deficytu kinazy pantotenowej (dawniej choroby Hallervordena-Spatza) : opis przypadku

Background: Panthotenate kinase deficiency is a rare metabolic disorder from the group of neuroaxonal dystrophy. It is characterized by symptoms of extrapiramidal system impairment, general dystonia, progressive gait disturbances, limbs rigidity, dyskinesias, choreoatetotic movements, dysarthria and progressive dementia. On the brain MRI, T2 - weighted images demonstrate typical, symmetrical "eye of the tiger" sign with hyperintensive signals from the central parts of the pallidum, surrounded by low signals in the pallidum and accompanied by hypointensity in substantia nigra resulting from iron deposition. Case report: We present a case of 13.5 year old boy with gait disturbances, increase muscles tone, dysartria, aggressive behavior and learning difficulties progressing from the early childhood. In the differential diagnosis a number of inborn errors of metabolism was excluded. Finding on the brain MRI in T2- weighted images typical picture of "eye of the tiger” led to a diagnosis of panthotenate kinase deficiency. In subsequent years of observation, despite attempts of baclofen and calcium panthotenate treatment, progression of pyramidal-extrapyramidal syndrome is observed. Conclusion: In children with symptoms of progressive extrapyramidal tract impairment, a sign of "eye of the tiger" with hyperintensive signals from the central parts of the pallidum, surrounded by low signals in the remaining part of the pallidum and accompanied by similar lesions in substantia nigra is typical for panthotenate kinase deficiency - a rare neurodegenerative disorder of central nervous system

Dysplazja obojczykowo-czaszkowa u 15-miesięcznego chłopca i 14-letniej dziewczynki : prezentacja kliniczna i obraz radiologiczny

Background: Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare, autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia with a relatively mild course. The most characteristic symptoms are clavicle hypoplasia or aplasia, abnormalities in the skull ossification, and a variety of dental pathologies. Case report: The clinical course and radiological presentation of two cases (a 15-month-old boy and a 14-year-old girl) of CCD are presented. Among the characteristic phenotype features the patients demonstrated were abnormalities in the skull formation, with wide sutures and large, delayed closure of the fontanelles, additional Wormian bones, and significant dental abnormalities, in both cases with delayed eruption of teeth and, in the girl, intensive caries, cross bite, and impacted teeth. The boy presented hypoplasia of the clavicles, while aplastic clavicles were confirmed in the girl. In both cases clavicle defects resulted in descended shoulders with abnormal movement faculty. Metacarpal and phalangeal defects were also found in both children as well as abnormalities in pelvic structure, with wide pubic symphysis and vertical arrangement of the pelvic bones in the girl. Conclusions: CCD is a skeletal dysplasia with characteristic clinical and radiological presentation. Although the course of the disorder is relatively mild, early orthopedic, dental, and orthodontic care, as well as rehabilitation, are essential in limiting complications resulting from the congenital malformation of the skeletal system

Fluctuations in phenylalanine concentrations in phenylketonuria: a review of possible relationships with outcomes.

International audience; Fluctuations in blood phenylalanine concentrations may be an important determinant of intellectual outcome in patients with early and continuously treated phenylketonuria (PKU). This review evaluates the studies on phenylalanine fluctuations, factors affecting fluctuations, and if stabilizing phenylalanine concentrations affects outcomes, particularly neurocognitive outcome. Electronic literature searches of Embase and PubMed were performed for English-language publications, and the bibliographies of identified publications were also searched. In patients with PKU, phenylalanine concentrations are highest in the morning. Factors that can affect phenylalanine fluctuations include age, diet, timing and dosing of protein substitute and energy intake, dietary adherence, phenylalanine hydroxylase genotype, changes in dietary phenylalanine intake and protein metabolism, illness, and growth rate. Even distribution of phenylalanine-free protein substitute intake throughout 24h may reduce blood phenylalanine fluctuations. Patients responsive to and treated with 6R-tetrahydrobiopterin seem to have less fluctuation in their blood phenylalanine concentrations than controls. An increase in blood phenylalanine concentration may result in increased brain and cerebrospinal fluid phenylalanine concentrations within hours. Although some evidence suggests that stabilization of blood phenylalanine concentrations may have benefits in patients with PKU, more studies are needed to distinguish the effects of blood phenylalanine fluctuations from those of poor metabolic control

Deep-Phenotyping the Less Severe Spectrum of PIGT Deficiency and Linking the Gene to Myoclonic Atonic Seizures

The two aims of this study were (i) to describe and expand the phenotypic spectrum of PIGT deficiency in affected individuals harboring the c.1582G>A; p.Val528Met or the c.1580A > G; p.Asn527Ser variant in either homozygous or compound heterozygous state, and (ii) to identify potential genotype-phenotype correlations and any differences in disease severity among individuals with and without the PIGT variants. The existing literature was searched to identify individuals with and without the two variants. A detailed phenotypic assessment was performed of 25 individuals (both novel and previously published) with the two PIGT variants. We compared severity of disease between individuals with and without these PIGT variants. Twenty-four individuals carried the PIGT variant Val528Met in either homozygous or compound heterozygous state, and one individual displayed the Asn527Ser variant in a compound heterozygous state. Disease severity in the individual with the Asn527Ser variant was compatible with that in the individuals harboring the Val528Met variant. While individuals without the Asn527Ser or Val528Met variant had focal epilepsy, profound developmental delay (DD), and risk of premature death, those with either of the two variants had moderate to severe DD and later onset of epilepsy with both focal and generalized seizures. Individuals homozygous for the Val528Met variant generally became seizure-free on monotherapy with antiepileptic drugs, compared to other PIGT individuals who were pharmaco-resistant. Two patients were diagnosed with myoclonic-atonic seizures, and a single patient was diagnosed with eyelid myoclonia. Our comprehensive analysis of this large cohort of previously published and novel individuals with PIGT variants broadens the phenotypical spectrum and shows that both Asn527Ser and Val528Met are associated with a milder phenotype and less severe outcome. Our data show that PIGT is a new candidate gene for myoclonic atonic epilepsy. Our genotype-phenotype correlation will be useful for future genetic counseling. Natural history studies of this mild spectrum of PIGT-related disorder may shed light on hitherto unknown aspects of this rare disorder

Pregnancy, delivery and puerperium in a patient with lysinuric protein intolerance – a case report

The paper presents the course of pregnancy, delivery and early postpartum period in a 23-year-old woman with lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI). The pregnancy was uneventful and resulted in a caesarean birth to a healthy baby at 37 weeks gestation. Nevertheless, the course of pregnancy in women with LPI is associated with a significantly increased risk of serious complications, including acute hyperammonemia, preeclampsia and postpartum bleeding, as well as fetus intrauterine growth retardation. In many cases, intensive metabolic monitoring and a proper diet with protein limitation and appropriate amino acids supplementation may significantly reduce the risk for both the mother and the newborn

NGS analysis of collagen type I genes in Polish patients with Osteogenesis imperfecta: a nationwide multicenter study

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare genetic disorder of the connective tissue. It presents with a wide spectrum of skeletal and extraskeletal features, and ranges in severity from mild to perinatal lethal. The disease is characterized by a heterogeneous genetic background, where approximately 85%–90% of cases have dominantly inherited heterozygous pathogenic variants located in the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes. This paper presents the results of the first nationwide study, performed on a large cohort of 197 Polish OI patients. Variants were identified using a next-generation sequencing (NGS) custom gene panel and multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) assay. The following OI types were observed: 1 (42%), 2 (3%), 3 (35%), and 4 (20%). Collagen type I pathogenic variants were reported in 108 families. Alterations were observed in α1 and α2 in 70% and 30% of cases, respectively. The presented paper reports 97 distinct causative variants and expands the OI database with 38 novel pathogenic changes. It also enabled the identification of the first glycine-to-tryptophan substitution in the COL1A1 gene and brought new insights into the clinical severity associated with variants localized in “lethal regions”. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the clinical and genetic aspects of OI

Stridor as one of the symptoms of 5p deletion syndrome in a five-month-old child

The 5p deletion syndrome (5p-, Cri-du-chat syndrome, CdCS) is a genetic disorder which results from a partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. It was first described by Lejeune et al. in 1963. The incidence ranges from 1:15 000 to 1:50 000 live births. The 5p- is usually diagnosed in the first days of life because of the characteristic monotonous high pitched cat-like cry and relatively constant dysmorphic features. Other symptoms often present in the neonatal period include low birth weight, muscle hypotonia, asphyxia and feeding difficulties due to impaired suction and swallowing, which may all lead to failure to thrive. Organ malformations, with various larynx abnormalities, although not very frequent, can also be present. Symptoms that are prevalent in later life include severe motor delay and intellectual disability with significant speech impairment, as well as behavioral problems. The case report presents a female infant in her 5th month of life in whom, despite the typical symptoms of 5p-, stridor and episodes of choking were the main problems. Laryngotracheal endoscopy revealed the type I laryngeal cleft. Genetic analysis confirmed the diagnose of 5p- syndrome. The presented case shows that it is critically important to perform a further investigation and refer a child with laryngological problems coexisting with dysmorphic features to a clinical geneticist

Patient with Phenylketonuria and Intellectual Disability—Problem Not Always Caused Exclusively by Insufficient Metabolic Control (Coexistence of PKU and Alazami Syndrome)

The authors present a case report of a boy with a classical form of phenylketonuria and Alazami syndrome. The inborn error of phenylalanine metabolism was diagnosed in the neonatal period based on population new-born screening. Despite early implementation of a low-phenylalanine diet and good biochemical control, the patient developed behavioural disorders and intellectual disability. He also presented with dysmorphic features. After long and extensive attempts to establish the genetic cause of this unusual phenotype, finally, at the age of 16 the boy was diagnosed with Alazami syndrome based on whole exome sequencing. The authors discussed the problem of neuropsychological disorders in patients with phenylketonuria and described typical clinical symptoms of Alazami syndrome. It was emphasized that the presence of one monogenic disease does not exclude the coexistence of another one