Comparison of the Modulated Effects of Tretinoin and Calcitriol Treated Mesenchymal Stem Cell Supernatant on Macrophage Functions

Background: According to a number of studies, calcitriol and tretinoin are able to regulate differentiation as well as the growth and of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Nevertheless, the relationship between the supernatant of macrophage and mesenchymal stem cells is still under investigation. In the present work, a comparison is made between the modulated impacts of calcitriol and tretinoin treated mesenchymal stem cell supernatant on macrophage functions. Materials and Methods: The isolation of mesenchymal stem cells was done using mouse bone marrow and the various concentrations of calcitriol (200 and 400 nM) and tretinoin (25, 50, and 100 nM) were used to pulse MSCs for 48 h. Macrophages were then applied to co-culture the supernatant of MSCs for 4 hr. Consequently, macrophages were assessed for respiratory burst. Results:  Based on the obtained results, supernatant of bone marrow‐derived MSCs pulsed with calcitriol and tretinoin can have the potential for decreasing the respiratory burst of macrophages considerably in comparison with the control group.  Conclusion: The anti‐inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization can be accelerated using calcitriol and tretinoin by mesenchymal stem cells

Synthesis and Immunogenisity Evaluation of Tetanus Toxoid Encapsulated Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles

Background and purpose: In recent years nanotechnology has a significant impact on various fields of human life, especially in pharmaceutical and medical needs. Some biopolymers such as chitosan which is also biocompatible are low cost and abundantly found, so, their application for vaccine production is cost benefit. Trimethyl chitosan is a deacetylated derivative of chitosan that could be used to increase the induction of immune response. In this study, trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles containing tetanus protein were used to stimulate the immune system. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, synthesis of the tetanus toxoid loaded nanoparticles was done by ion gelation method. Physical features of the nanoparticles were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles were then injected subcutaneously into mice. After the sampling process, the immune system stimulation was evaluated using indirect ELISA. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and significance level of P< 0.05. Results: The purity of protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and encapsulated proteins were loaded up to 80 percent. ELISA results showed that the immune system was stimulated significantly compared with Freund adjuvant, and antibody titer increased. Conclusion: Tetanus toxoid loaded Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles increase the stimulation of immune system and are more effective in comparison with Freund's adjuvant

Anthelmintic effects of zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles against Toxocara vitulorum

Abstract In the present study, zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles were examined for their possible, in vitro anthelmintic effects against Toxocara vitulorum. The worms were incubated for 24 h with different concentrations (0.004, 0.008 and 0.012% w/v) of the nanoparticles. The parasite mobility, mortality, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) level were recorded at different time intervals. The results showed that both of the nanoparticles could significantly decrease worm’s mobility, increase mortality rate as well as elevate MDA and NO content as compared to control group in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. SOD activity was elevated with the low concentration of the nanoparticles but it was decreased in higher ones. It can be concluded that ZnO and FeO nanoparticles exert their anthelmintic effects via induction of oxidative/nitrosative stress

Preparation and Evaluation of Immunogenicity of Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing Tetanotoxin in Comparison with Freund\'s Adjuvant in Mouse Model for Improvement of Tetanus Vaccine after Subcutaneous Injection

Background and Objectives: Tetanus is a deadly zoonotic infectious disease. For nearly a century, tetanus vaccine has been produced and used. This study was carried out with the aim of preparation and evaluation of immunogenicity of chitosan nanoparticles containing tetanotoxin in comparison with Freund's adjuvant in mouse model for improvement of tetanus vaccine after subcutaneous onjection. Methods: In this experimental study, chitosan nanoparticles synthesis containing tetanus toxoid was performed using ionic gelation method. The morphology of nanoparticles was investigated using SEM and AFM, then, the nanoparticles were subcutaneously injected into mice and two weeks after the end of injection, blood was taken. Antibody titer was measured by indirect ELISA. Data were analyzed using one-way one-way ANOVA and Tukey test at significance level of p<0.05. Results: High-load antigen (uniform spherical morphology and the mean size of 144), were encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. After serum analysis, IgG antibody titer was significantly different between the mice that received antigen as nanoparticle and the control group, but no significant difference was observed in the antigen with Freund&rsquo;s adjuvant group. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, tetanus toxoid injection using nanoproces is able to induce humoral immune response almost equal to Freund&rsquo;s adjuvant and can be an appropriate alternative