Un Análisis estructural y de equilibrio general de la economía mexicana

Consultable des del TDXA la portada: Programa de Doctorado en Economía AplicadaTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaVegeu tes

An applied general equilibrium analysis of fiscal reforms to fight poverty in Mexico.

The main goal of this paper is to analyze the consequences of two alternative ways of raising funds to finance poverty alleviation programs in Mexico: A Value Added Tax (VAT) reform and a personal income tax reform (IT). The impact of the reforms is analyzed with an applied general equilibrium model of the Mexican economy, calibrated using a 1996 Social Accounting Matrix. The model includes 18 production sectors, 10 representative households, the government, and the rest of the world. The cash transfers required to attain a fixed increase in the Equivalent Variation (EV) of the lowest income households are obtained either increasing effective VAT rates or IT rates. When all rates are scaled up by the same factor, the VAT reform generates a positive global EV considerably larger than the one obtained scaling the IT rates, though the latter diminishes (increases) lower (higher) income households’ contribution. Setting a uniform VAT rate results in a positive global EV considerably larger than the one obtained with a uniform IT. Moreover, the distribution gap increases in the latter case since the richest households receive the largest benefits.poverty alleviation, tax reforms, social accounting matrix, applied general equilibrium, equivalent variation

Modelo de equilibrio general aplicado para México y análisis de impuestos a la extracción de hidrocarburos

For a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of 2003, we present a parsimonious Applied General Equilibrium Model (AGEM), useful to analyze several problems; it is used here to analyze the effects of substituting high taxes on Mining -given by the excessive burden on Pemex (the Mexican public petroleum company)-, by an increase in income taxes. We include the SAM, a valuable result by itself -usable with the methods of the structural analysis, among others. We analyze the simulation that eliminates the excessive tax on hydrocarbons extraction and reports magnitude and direction of changes in selected variables

An applied general equilibrium analysis of fiscal reforms to fight poverty in Mexico

The main goal of this paper is to analyze the consequences of two alternative ways of raising funds to finance poverty alleviation programs in Mexico: A Value Added Tax (VAT) reform and a personal income tax reform (IT). The impact of the reforms is analyzed with an applied general equilibrium model of the Mexican economy, calibrated using a 1996 Social Accounting Matrix. The model includes 18 production sectors, 10 representative households, the government, and the rest of the world. The cash transfers required to attain a fixed increase in the Equivalent Variation (EV) of the lowest income households are obtained either increasing effective VAT rates or IT rates. When all rates are scaled up by the same factor, the VAT reform generates a positive global EV considerably larger than the one obtained scaling the IT rates, though the latter diminishes (increases) lower (higher) income households’ contribution. Setting a uniform VAT rate results in a positive global EV considerably larger than the one obtained with a uniform IT. Moreover, the distribution gap increases in the latter case since the richest households receive the largest benefits. Clasificación JEL: D58, I32, I38

Cálculo del impacto de una cuota compensatoria en el bienestar de los consumidores: Un caso ilustrativo

The most common approach used to evaluate changes in welfare has been the Consumer and Producer Surplus Analysis. This article presents a methodological alternative in order to evaluate in a more exact way this kind of modifications; in this sense, it includes some recent theoretical developments relating consumers welfare. By means of using the concept of Equivalent Variation and econometric and time series techniques, this work measures the impact of the implementation of antidumping duties on the imports of Chinese pommel locks in the mexican consumers welfare.

Análisis estructural de la economía mexicana para el año 2008

Identifying productive sectors with the capacity to boost the economy is fundamental to policy design. This paper analyzes the structure of the Mexican economy, using general equilibrium linear models based on a social accounting matrix. First, we analyze key sectors, determining direct, indirect, and induced effects. Then, we elaborate a three-dimensional landscape of the economy and identify labor multipliers. Finally, income-expenditure distribution of households is analyzed. Among other results, the most important sectors are commerce activities. Less important sectors are the construction, cultural and sporting entertainment services, generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, corporate services and mining

Epidemiological trends of HIV/HCV coinfection in Spain, 2015-2019

Altres ajuts: Spanish AIDS Research Network; European Funding for Regional Development (FEDER).Objectives: We assessed the prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies and active HCV infection (HCV-RNA-positive) in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Spain in 2019 and compared the results with those of four similar studies performed during 2015-2018. Methods: The study was performed in 41 centres. Sample size was estimated for an accuracy of 1%. Patients were selected by random sampling with proportional allocation. Results: The reference population comprised 41 973 PLWH, and the sample size was 1325. HCV serostatus was known in 1316 PLWH (99.3%), of whom 376 (28.6%) were HCV antibody (Ab)-positive (78.7% were prior injection drug users); 29 were HCV-RNA-positive (2.2%). Of the 29 HCV-RNA-positive PLWH, infection was chronic in 24, it was acute/recent in one, and it was of unknown duration in four. Cirrhosis was present in 71 (5.4%) PLWH overall, three (10.3%) HCV-RNA-positive patients and 68 (23.4%) of those who cleared HCV after anti-HCV therapy (p = 0.04). The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies decreased steadily from 37.7% in 2015 to 28.6% in 2019 (p < 0.001); the prevalence of active HCV infection decreased from 22.1% in 2015 to 2.2% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Uptake of anti-HCV treatment increased from 53.9% in 2015 to 95.0% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In Spain, the prevalence of active HCV infection among PLWH at the end of 2019 was 2.2%, i.e. 90.0% lower than in 2015. Increased exposure to DAAs was probably the main reason for this sharp reduction. Despite the high coverage of treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents, HCV-related cirrhosis remains significant in this population

7th Drug hypersensitivity meeting: part two

No abstract availabl

Inversión pública y crecimiento económico en México. Un enfoque de contabilidad del crecimiento

Se analiza la evolución de la inversión pública en México durante los últimos cincuenta años, así como la evolución de la Productividad Total de los Factores (PTF). En el marco de la teoría del crecimiento y de la teoría de la contabilidad del crecimiento, se especifica un modelo econométrico para la PTF, incluyendo entre las variables independientes la desagregación de la inversión en inversión privada e inversión pública. Los resultados econométricos sugieren que, el drástico descenso experimentado porla inversión pública durante los últimos treinta años, ha influido significativamente en la disminución de la PTF. Un resultado adicional es que las estimaciones indican una tasa de rendimiento alta para la educación formal

Una Matriz de Contabilidad Social de México y un análisis estructural de la economía mexicana

El objetivo central de este trabajo es el de presentar una Matriz de Contabilidad Social (MCS) de la economía mexicana para 1996, detallando la metodología que seguimos para construirla. Ilustramos aquí su utilidad llevando a cabo un análisis estructural básico para estudiar algunos impactos exógenos y aplicando una extensión del modelo de Leontief. Específicamente, computamos la Matriz de Multiplicadores Generalizados para analizar el impacto sobre la distribución del ingreso de un incremento en la demanda agregada uniformemente distribuido, de un incremento en la inversión, de un incremento en las exportaciones y de un aumento en el gasto público en sanidad o educación. Por otra parte, además de constituir una herramienta útil por sí misma y de ser el objeto de estudio de una amplia gama de herramientas del análisis estructural, una MCS también constituye la base de datos sobre la que se diseñan e implementan los modelos de equilibrio general aplicado