Verbal Representation of the Combined Cognitive Codes

У статті висвітлено процеси утворення нових комбінованих одиниць спілкування. Запропоновано автор- ську типологію та розуміння явища компонації в мережі системи словотвору сучасної англійської мови. Формування компонованих інновацій в англійській мові роботі подано з позиції лінгвокогнітивного напряму. Окрім цього, обґрунтовано перспективність дослідження динаміки розвитку словникового складу англійської мови в лінгвокогнітивному напрямі. The article focuses upon the formation of new combined units of communication. In this work, the author’s interpretation of compounding and its typology are proposed. The formation of compounded innovations in English language is examined in the work from the lingvocognitive point of view. In addition, the perspectives of cognitive research of English vocabulary development are grounded in the paper

Grammaticalization of English Morphemes as a Lingvo-Cognitive Phenomenon

У статті розглянуто механізми граматикалізації в англійській мові. Граматикалізація зазвичай характеризується зміною рівневої належності мовної одиниці. Це супроводжується мінімалізацією або повним нівелюванням її попередньої функції. This article provides the information of the mechanisms of grammaticalization in English. The author proposes a view, that grammaticalization can be characterized as an inter-level linguistic mechanism. It is followed by the minimization or complete deleting of its previous function

Підходи до використання кристалооптичного методу дослідження біологічних рідин

The article contains the summarized results of using the crystal optic method for studying biological fluids (in particular, oral fluid) with the purpose of diagnostics of pathological processes of the patient’s oral cavity, including the preclinical stage of development of the pathological process. The results of the study of changes in the crystal-forming ability of the oral fluid and its facies morphological pattern in patients when affecting therapeutically on the periodontal tissue with low-intensity light are presented. The effects of the prevention course for two types of radiation – polarized polychromatic and monochromatic red – have been compared. A positive dynamics of the facies morphological pattern and disappearance of pathological states markers, which may indicate the beneficial effect of low-intensity light on the periodontal condition, has been found. Recommendations on applying of a preventive remedy depending on the crystal-forming properties of the oral fluid are given. As the result of analysis of modern literature, it has been shown that the analysis of the morphological picture of the oral cavity fascias can be used as a specific marker to determine if it is expedient to use a particular type of preventive methods of microcirculatory disorders of the maxillofacial tissues and as a grounding of using preventive measures and estimation of their effectiveness.Обобщены результаты применения кристаллооптического метода исследования биологических жидкостей, в частности ротовой жидкости, с целью диагностики патологических процессов в полости рта пациентов, в том числе на доклинической стадии развития патологического процесса. В статье приведены результаты исследования изменений кристаллообразующей способности ротовой жидкости и морфологической картины ее фаций у пациентов при терапевтическом воздействии на ткани пародонта низкоинтенсивного светового излучения. Проведено сравнение результатов курса профилактики для двух типов излучения – полихроматического поляризованного и красного монохроматического. Обнаружена положительная динамика изменения морфологической картины фаций и исчезновение в них маркеров патологических состояний, что может свидетельствовать о благоприятном воздействии низкоинтенсивного светового излучения на состояние пародонта. Даны рекомендации по применению того или иного профилактического средства в зависимости от исходных кристаллообразующих свойств ротовой жидкости. Анализ современной литературы по данной теме показал, что морфологическая картина фаций ротовой жидкости может быть своеобразным маркером целесообразности использования того или иного метода профилактики расстройств микроциркуляции в тканях челюстно-лицевой области, обоснованием для проведения профилактических мероприятий и оценивания их эффективности.Узагальнені результати застосування кристалооптичного методу дослідження біологічних рідин, зокрема ротової рідини, з метою діагностики патологічних процесів у порожнині рота пацієнтів, у тому числі на доклінічній стадії розвитку патологічного процесу. У статті наведені результати досліджень змін кристалоутворювальної здатності ротової рідини та морфологічної картини її фацій у пацієнтів при терапевтичній дії на тканини пародонта низькоінтенсивного світлового випромінювання. Проведено співставлення результатів курсу профілактики для двох типів випромінювання – поліхроматичного поляризаційного та червоного монохроматичного. Виявлена позитивна динаміка зміни морфологічної картини фацій і зникнення в них маркерів патологічних станів, що може свідчити про сприятливий вплив низькоінтенсивного світлового випромінювання на стан пародонта. Надані рекомендації по застосуванню того або іншого профілактичного засобу в залежності від вихідних кристалоутворювальних властивостей ротової рідини. Аналіз сучасної літератури з даної теми показав, що морфологічна картина фацій ротової рідини може бути своєрідним маркером доцільності використання того чи іншого методу профілактики розладів мікроциркуляції в тканинах щелепно-лицьової області, обґрунтуванням для проведення профілактичних заходів та оцінювання їх ефективності

ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ВАРЕНИХ КОВБАС ІЗ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯМ ТРАНСГЛЮТАМІНАЗИ

Theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed the possibility of the use of the enzyme preparation of transglutaminase and a protein supplement on the basis of gluten in the production technology of cooked sausages. Experimentally established that the introduction of 0,15 % transglutaminase Activa GS and protein supplement Alma Tex on the basis of gluten in an amount of 2,5 % to provide an improved texture of the finished sausage product. During the course of comprehensive studies confirmed the ability of the enzyme have a positive effect on the rheological indicators minced meat and prepared meat products – limit shear stress in test samples № 1, № 3 and №5 increased by 25 % 98 % and 108 % respectively compared to the control sample, indicating the strengthening minced structure. Experimental investigation of the effect of activated water environments (catholyte) to improve the ability to form protein hydraulic kit, exacerbate the effects of transglutaminase and influence the microbial environment of the finished product.Теоретически обоснована и экспериментально подтверждена возможность использования ферментного препарата трансглютаминазы и  белковой добавки на основе глютена в технологии производства вареных колбас.Экспериментальным путем установлено, что внесение 0,15 % трансглютаминазы Activa GS и белковой добавки Альма Текс на основе глютена в количестве 2,5 % обеспечило улучшение текстуры готового колбасного изделия. В ходе проведения комплексных исследований подтверждена способность фермента положительно влиять на реологические показатели фаршей и готовых мясных продуктов – граничное напряжение сдвига в опытных образцах № 1, № 3 и № 5 увеличивается на 25 %, 98 % и 108 % соответственно в сравнении с контрольным образцом, что свидетельствует об укреплении структуры фарша. Экспериментально исследовано влияние активированных водных сред (католита) на повышение способности белка образовывать гидромодуль, усиливать действие трансглютаминазы и влиять на микробиологическую среду готового продукта.Теоретично обґрунтована і експериментально підтверджена можливість використання ферментного препарату трансглютамінази і  білкової добавки на основі глютену в технології виробництва варених ковбас. Експериментальним шляхом встановлено, що внесення 0,15 % трансглютамінази Activa GS та білкової добавки Альма Текс на основі глютену в кількості 2,5 % забезпечило покращення текстури готового ковбасного виробу. В ходi проведення комплексних дослiджень підтверджено здатність ферменту позитивно впливати на реологiчнi показники фаршiв та готових м’ясних продуктів – гранична напруга зсуву в дослідних зразках № 1, № 3 та № 5 збільшується на 25 %, 98 % та 108 % відповідно в порівнянні із контрольним зразком, що свідчить про певне зміцнення структури фаршу. Експериментально дослiджено вплив активованих водних середовищ (католіту) на підвищення здатності білку утворювати гідромодуль, підсилювати дію трансглютамінази та впливати на мiкробiологiчне середовище готового продукту. &nbsp

Evaluating the performance of five different chemical ionization techniques for detecting gaseous oxygenated organic species

The impact of aerosols on climate and air quality remains poorly understood due to multiple factors. One of the current limitations is the incomplete understanding of the contribution of oxygenated products, generated from the gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), to aerosol formation. Indeed, atmospheric gaseous chemical processes yield thousands of (highly) oxygenated species, spanning a wide range of chemical formulas, functional groups and, consequently, volatilities. While recent mass spectrometric developments have allowed extensive on-line detection of a myriad of oxygenated organic species, playing a central role in atmospheric chemistry, the detailed quantification and characterization of this diverse group of compounds remains extremely challenging. To address this challenge, we evaluated the capability of current state-of-the-art mass spectrometers equipped with different chemical ionization sources to detect the oxidation products formed from alpha-Pinene ozonolysis under various conditions. Five different mass spectrometers were deployed simultaneously for a chamber study. Two chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometers (CI-APi-TOF) with nitrate and amine reagent ion chemistries and an iodide chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-CIMS) were used. Additionally, a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF 8000) and a new "vocus" PTR-TOF were also deployed. In the current study, we compared around 1000 different compounds between each of the five instruments, with the aim of determining which oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) the different methods were sensitive to and identifying regions where two or more instruments were able to detect species with similar molecular formulae. We utilized a large variability in conditions (including different VOCs, ozone, NOx and OH scavenger concentrations) in our newly constructed atmospheric simulation chamber for a comprehensive correlation analysis between all instruments. This analysis, combined with estimated concentrations for identified molecules in each instrument, yielded both expected and surprising results. As anticipated based on earlier studies, the PTR instruments were the only ones able to measure the precursor VOC, the iodide TOF-CIMS efficiently detected many semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) with three to five oxygen atoms, and the nitrate CI-APi-TOF was mainly sensitive to highly oxygenated organic (O > 5) molecules (HOMs). In addition, the vocus showed good agreement with the iodide TOF-CIMS for the SVOC, including a range of organonitrates. The amine CI-APi-TOF agreed well with the nitrate CI-APi-TOF for HOM dimers. However, the loadings in our experiments caused the amine reagent ion to be considerably depleted, causing nonlinear responses for monomers. This study explores and highlights both benefits and limitations of currently available chemical ionization mass spectrometry instrumentation for characterizing the wide variety of OVOCs in the atmosphere. While specifically shown for the case of alpha-Pinene ozonolysis, we expect our general findings to also be valid for a wide range of other VOC-oxidant systems. As discussed in this study, no single instrument configuration can be deemed better or worse than the others, as the optimal instrument for a particular study ultimately depends on the specific target of the study.Peer reviewe

Eight years of sub-micrometre organic aerosol composition data from the boreal forest characterized using a machine-learning approach

The Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR) II, located within the boreal forest of Finland, is a unique station in the world due to the wide range of long-term measurements tracking the Earth-atmosphere interface. In this study, we characterize the composition of organic aerosol (OA) at SMEAR II by quantifying its driving constituents. We utilize a multi-year data set of OA mass spectra measured in situ with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) at the station. To our knowledge, this mass spectral time series is the longest of its kind published to date. Similarly to other previously reported efforts in OA source apportionment from multi-seasonal or multi-annual data sets, we approached the OA characterization challenge through positive matrix factorization (PMF) using a rolling window approach. However, the existing methods for extracting minor OA components were found to be insufficient for our rather remote site. To overcome this issue, we tested a new statistical analysis framework. This included unsupervised feature extraction and classification stages to explore a large number of unconstrained PMF runs conducted on the measured OA mass spectra. Anchored by these results, we finally constructed a relaxed chemical mass balance (CMB) run that resolved different OA components from our observations. The presented combination of statistical tools provided a data-driven analysis methodology, which in our case achieved robust solutions with minimal subjectivity. Following the extensive statistical analyses, we were able to divide the 2012-2019 SMEAR II OA data (mass concentration interquartile range (IQR): 0.7, 1.3, and 2.6 mu gm(-3)) into three sub-categories - low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA), semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA), and primary OA (POA) - proving that the tested methodology was able to provide results consistent with literature. LV-OOA was the most dominant OA type (organic mass fraction IQR: 49 %, 62 %, and 73 %). The seasonal cycle of LV-OOA was bimodal, with peaks both in summer and in February. We associated the wintertime LV-OOA with anthropogenic sources and assumed biogenic influence in LV-OOA formation in summer. Through a brief trajectory analysis, we estimated summertime natural LV-OOA formation of tens of ngm 3 h 1 over the boreal forest. SV-OOA was the second highest contributor to OA mass (organic mass fraction IQR: 19 %, 31 %, and 43 %). Due to SV-OOA's clear peak in summer, we estimate biogenic processes as the main drivers in its formation. Unlike for LV-OOA, the highest SV-OOA concentrations were detected in stable summertime nocturnal surface layers. Two nearby sawmills also played a significant role in SV-OOA production as also exemplified by previous studies at SMEAR II. POA, taken as a mix of two different OA types reported previously, hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and biomass burning OA (BBOA), made up a minimal OA mass fraction (IQR: 2 %, 6 %, and 13 %). Notably, the quantification of POA at SMEAR II using ACSM data was not possible following existing rolling PMF methodologies. Both POA organic mass fraction and mass concentration peaked in winter. Its appearance at SMEAR II was linked to strong southerly winds. Similar wind direction and speed dependence was not observed among other OA types. The high wind speeds probably enabled the POA transport to SMEAR II from faraway sources in a relatively fresh state. In the event of slower wind speeds, POA likely evaporated and/or aged into oxidized organic aerosol before detection. The POA organic mass fraction was significantly lower than reported by aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements 2 to 4 years prior to the ACSM measurements. While the co-located long-term measurements of black carbon supported the hypothesis of higher POA loadings prior to year 2012, it is also possible that short-term (POA) pollution plumes were averaged out due to the slow time resolution of the ACSM combined with the further 3 h data averaging needed to ensure good signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Despite the length of the ACSM data set, we did not focus on quantifying long-term trends of POA (nor other components) due to the high sensitivity of OA composition to meteorological anomalies, the occurrence of which is likely not normally distributed over the 8-year measurement period. Due to the unique and realistic seasonal cycles and meteorology dependences of the independent OA subtypes complemented by the reasonably low degree of unexplained OA variability, we believe that the presented data analysis approach performs well. Therefore, we hope that these results encourage also other researchers possessing several-yearlong time series of similar data to tackle the data analysis via similar semi- or unsupervised machine-learning approaches. This way the presented method could be further optimized and its usability explored and evaluated also in other environments.Peer reviewe

The role of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) in determining the composition of ambient ions in the boreal forest

In order to investigate the negative ions in the boreal forest we have performed measurements to chemically characterise the composition of negatively charged clusters containing highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs). Additionally, we compared this information with the chemical composition of the neutral gas-phase molecules detected in the ambient atmosphere during the same period. The chemical composition of the ions was retrieved using an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (APiTOF-MS) while the gas-phase neutral molecules (mainly sulfuric acid and HOMs) were characterised using the same mass spectrometer coupled to a nitrate-based chemical ionisation unit (CI-APi-TOF). Overall, we divided the identified HOMs in two classes: HOMs containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen-containing HOMs or organonitrates (ONs). During the day, among the ions, in addition to the well-known pure sulfuric acid clusters, we found a large number of HOMs clustered with nitrate (NO3-) or bisulfate (HSO4-), with the first one being more abundant. During the night, the distribution of ions, mainly composed of HOM clustered with NO3-, was very similar to the neutral compounds that are detected in the CI-APi-TOF as adducts with the artificially introduced primary ion (NO3-). For the first time, we identified several clusters containing up to 40 carbon atoms. These ions are formed by up to four oxidised alpha-pinene units clustered with NO3-. While we know that dimers (16-20 carbon atoms) are probably formed by a covalent bond between two alpha-pinene oxidised units, it is still unclear what bonding formed larger clusters. Finally, diurnal profiles of the negative ions were consistent with the neutral compounds revealing that ONs peak during the day while HOMs are more abundant at night-time. However, during the day, a large fraction of the negative charge is taken up by the pure sulfuric acid clusters causing differences between ambient ions and neutral compounds (i.e. less available charge for HOM and ON).Peer reviewe

Testing QCD factorisation and charming penguins in charmless B→PV{\boldsymbol{B\to PV}}

We try a global fit of the experimental branching ratios and CP-asymmetries of the charmless $B\to PV$ decays according to QCD factorisation. We find it impossible to reach a satisfactory agreement, the confidence level (CL) of the best fit is smaller than .1 %. The main reason for this failure is the difficulty to accomodate several large experimental branching ratios of the strange channels. Furthermore, experiment was not able to exclude a large direct CP asymmetry in $\bar {B^0}\to\rho^+ \pi^-$, which is predicted very small by QCD factorisation. Trying a fit with QCD factorisation complemented by a charming-penguin inspired model we reach a best fit which is not excluded by experiment (CL of about 8 %) but is not fully convincing. These negative results must be tempered by the remark that some of the experimental data used are recent and might still evolve significantly.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures; several typos corrected, added one footnote and two references, comments added about PQCD. To appear in Phys.Rev.

Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic rays and Gamma Astronomy

The paper is a script of a lecture given at the ISAPP-Baikal summer school in 2018. The lecture gives an overview of the Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic rays and Gamma Astronomy (TAIGA) facility including historical introduction, description of existing and future setups, and outreach and open data activities.Comment: Lectures given at the ISAPP-Baikal Summer School 2018: Exploring the Universe through multiple messengers, 12-21 July 2018, Bol'shie Koty, Russi

Observation of the Decays B0->K+pi-pi0 and B0->rho-K+

We report the observation of B^0 decays to the K^+pi^-pi^0 final state using a data sample of 78 fb^-1 collected by the Belle detector at the KEKB e^+e^- collider. With no assumptions about intermediate states in the decay, the branching fraction is measured to be (36.6^{+4.2}_{-4.3}+- 3.0)*10^-6.We also search for B decays to intermediate two-body states with the same K^+pi^-pi^0 final state. Significant B signals are observed in the rho(770)^- K^+ and K^*(892)^+pi^- channels, with branching fractions of (15.1^{+3.4+1.4+2.0}_{-3.3-1.5-2.1})* 10^-6 and (14.8^{+4.6+1.5+2.4}_{-4.4-1.0-0.9})* 10^-6, respectively. The first error is statistical, the second is systematic and the third is due to the largest possible interference. Contributions from other possible two-body states will be discussed. No CP asymmetry is found in the inclusive K^+pi^-pi^0 or rho^-K^+ modes, and we set 90% confidence level bounds on the asymmetry of -0.12<A_{CP}<0.26 and -0.18<A_{CP}<0.64, respectively.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figure