3,207 research outputs found
Range unit root tests
Since the seminal paper by Dickey and Fuller in 1979, unit-root tests have conditioned the standard approaches to analyse time series with strong serial dependence, the focus being placed in the detection of eventual unit roots in an autorregresive model fitted to the series. In this paper we propose a completely different method to test for the type of "long-wave" patterns observed not only in unit root time series but also in series following more complex data generating mechanism. To this end, our testing device analyses the trend exhibit by the data, without imposing any constraint on the generating mechanism. We call our device the Range Unit Root (RUR) Test since it is constructed from running ranges of the series. These statistics allow a more general characterization of a strong serial dependence in the mean behavior, thus endowing our test with a number of desirable properties. Among these properties are the invariance to nonlinear monotonic transformations of the series and the robustness to the presence of level shifts and additive outliers. In addition, the RUR test outperforms the power of standard unit root tests on near-unit-root stationary time series
A range unit root test
Since the seminal paper by Dickey and Fuller in 1979, unit-root tests have conditioned the standard approaches to analyse time series with strong serial dependence, the focus being placed in the detection of eventual unit roots in an autorregresive model fitted to the series. In this paper we propose a completely different method to test for the type of long-wave patterns observed not only in unit root time series but also in series following more complex data generating mechanisms. To this end, our testing device analyses the trend exhibit by the data, without imposing any constraint on the generating mechanism. We call our device the Range Unit Root (RUR) Test since it is constructed from running ranges of the series. These statistics allow a more general characterization of a strong serial dependence in the mean behavior, thus endowing our test with a number of desirable properties, among which its error-model-free asymptotic distribution, the invariance to nonlinear monotonic transformations of the series and the robustness to the presence of level shifts and additive outliers. In addition, the RUR test outperforms the power of standard unit root tests on near-unit-root stationary time series and is asymptotically immune to noise
A RANGE UNIT ROOT TEST
Since the seminal paper by Dickey and Fuller in 1979, unit-root tests have conditioned the standard approaches to analyse time series with strong serial dependence, the focus being placed in the detection of eventual unit roots in an autorregresive model fitted to the series. In this paper we propose a completely different method to test for the type ofâlong-waveâ patterns observed not only in unit root time series but also in series following more complex data generating mechanisms. To this end, our testing device analyses the trend exhibit by the data, without imposing any constraint on the generating mechanism. We call our device the Range Unit Root (RUR) Test since it is constructed from running ranges of the series. These statistics allow a more general characterization of a strong serial dependence in the mean behavior, thus endowing our test with a number of desirable properties, among which its error-model-free asymptotic distribution, the invariance to nonlinear monotonic transformations of the series and the robustness to the presence of level shifts and additive outliers. In addition, the RUR test outperforms the power of standard unit root tests on near-unit-root stationary time series and is asymptotically immune to noise.
Mineral carbonation of ceramic brick at low pressure and room temperature. A simulation study for a superficial CO2 store using a common clay as sealing material
This research explores the possibilities of CO2 sequestration on ceramic bricks in a short time and at surface conditions. The experiment was carried out in a specially designed reaction chamber, filled with brick wastes and sealed with common clays. The brick used were composed of quartz, wollastonite, diopside, orthoclase and anhydrite, and the common clay was a marl composed of calcite, quartz, illite, smectite and kaolinite. Experimental condition in the reaction chamber were: reaction time 5 months, pressure of CO2 0.5 bar, 4:1 solid/water ratio. The experiment was followed by XRD, XRF, BET, physical sorption by N2 and CO2, Hg porosity, TG-DTA, SEM and ICP-EOS. After the CO2 treatment, wollastonite and anhydrite were practically destroyed and some diopside and orthoclase. Calcite precipitated as new phase (up to 48 wt%), and small amount of illite was the result of orthoclase alteration. Concerning the sealing clay, the CO2 produced an increment of calcite content (from 32 to 41 wt%) and a partial destruction of smectite, particularly close to the upper part of the brick layer. These results are hopeful in relation with the possible mineral carbonation of building ceramic waste in a short time at surface conditions, and open the opportunity to use those wastes for CO2 trapping in an appropriate system, as a quarry reclamation
PredicciĂłn de la frescura del aceite de oliva virgen extra durante el almacenamiento mediante espectroscopĂa de fluorescencia
Virgin olive oil quality relates to flavor and unique health benefits. Some of these properties are
at the most desirable level when the oil is just extracted, since it is not a product that improves with age. On the
contrary, the concentrations of many compounds change during its shelf-life. These changes reveal the aging of
the oil but do not necessarily mean decay in sensory properties, so in some cases an aged oil from healthy olives
may be better qualified than a fresh one from olives affected by fermentation. The aim of this work is to analyze
different methodologies proposed for assessing the quality of virgin olive oil with implications in freshness and
aging of the oil, and to highlight the possibilities of rapid spectrofluorimetric techniques for assessing oil freshness by checking the evolution of pigments during storage. The observed change in the selected spectral features
and mathematical modelling over time was compared with the accepted model for predicting the amount of
pyropheophytin a, which is based on isokinetic studies. The best regression was obtained for 655 nm (adjustedR2
= 0.91) wavelength, which matches the distinctive band of pigments. The two mathematical models described
in this study highlight the usefulness of pigments in the prediction of the shelf-life of extra virgin olive oil.La calidad del aceite de oliva virgen estĂĄ relacionada con su flavor y sus beneficios
Ășnicos para la salud. Algunas de estas propiedades se encuentran en el nivel mĂĄs deseable cuando el aceite estĂĄ
reciĂ©n extraĂdo, ya que no es un producto que mejore con el tiempo. Por el contrario, las concentraciones de
muchos compuestos cambian a lo largo de la vida Ăștil. Estos cambios revelan el envejecimiento del aceite, pero
no implican necesariamente la alteraciĂłn de las propiedades sensoriales, por lo que en algunos casos un aceite
envejecido procedente de aceitunas sanas puede presentar mejor calidad que uno fresco procedente de aceitunas
afectadas por procesos de fermentaciĂłn. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar diferentes metodologĂas propuestas para evaluar la calidad del aceite de oliva virgen con implicaciones en la frescura y el envejecimiento del
aceite, destacando las posibilidades de las råpidas técnicas espectrofluorométricas para evaluar la frescura del
aceite verificando la evoluciĂłn de los pigmentos durante el almacenamiento. El cambio observado en las caracterĂsticas espectrales seleccionadas y su modelado matemĂĄtico a lo largo del tiempo se comparĂł con el modelo
aceptado para predecir la cantidad de pirofeofitina a, que se basa en estudios isocinéticos. Los dos modelos
matemĂĄticos descritos en este estudio pusieron de manifiesto la utilidad de los pigmentos en la predicciĂłn de la
vida Ăștil del aceite de oliva virgen extra. La mejor regresiĂłn se obtuvo para 655 nm (R2
-ajustado = 0,91), longitud de onda que coincide con la banda distintiva de pigmentos.SecretarĂa de Estado de InvestigaciĂłn, Desarrollo e InnovaciĂłn de España-AGL2015-69320-
Proposed Methodology to Evaluate CO2 Capture Using Construction and DemolitionWaste
Since the Industrial Revolution, levels of CO2 in the atmosphere have been constantly
growing, producing an increase in the average global temperature. One of the options for Carbon
Capture and Storage is mineral carbonation. The results of this process of fixing are the safest in
the long term, but the main obstacle for mineral carbonation is the ability to do it economically in
terms of both money and energy cost. The present study outlines a methodological sequence to
evaluate the possibility for the carbonation of ceramic construction waste (brick, concrete, tiles) under
surface conditions for a short period of time. The proposed methodology includes a pre-selection of
samples using the characterization of chemical and mineralogical conditions and in situ carbonation.
The second part of the methodology is the carbonation tests in samples selected at 10 and 1 bar
of pressure. The relative humidity during the reaction was 20 wt %, and the reaction time ranged
from 24 h to 30 days. To show the e ectiveness of the proposed methodology, Ca-rich bricks were
used, which are rich in silicates of calcium or magnesium. The results of this study showed that
calcite formation is associated with the partial destruction of Ca silicates, and that carbonation was
proportional to reaction time. The calculated capture e ciency was proportional to the reaction time,
whereas carbonation did not seem to significantly depend on particle size in the studied conditions.
The studies obtained at a low pressure for the total sample were very similar to those obtained for
finer fractions at 10 bars. Presented results highlight the utility of the proposed methodology
PredicciĂłn de la frescura del aceite de oliva virgen extra durante el almacenamiento mediante espectroscopĂa de fluorescencia
Virgin olive oil quality relates to flavor and unique health benefits. Some of these properties are
at the most desirable level when the oil is just extracted, since it is not a product that improves with age. On the
contrary, the concentrations of many compounds change during its shelf-life. These changes reveal the aging of
the oil but do not necessarily mean decay in sensory properties, so in some cases an aged oil from healthy olives
may be better qualified than a fresh one from olives affected by fermentation. The aim of this work is to analyze
different methodologies proposed for assessing the quality of virgin olive oil with implications in freshness and
aging of the oil, and to highlight the possibilities of rapid spectrofluorimetric techniques for assessing oil freshness by checking the evolution of pigments during storage. The observed change in the selected spectral features
and mathematical modelling over time was compared with the accepted model for predicting the amount of
pyropheophytin a, which is based on isokinetic studies. The best regression was obtained for 655 nm (adjustedR2
= 0.91) wavelength, which matches the distinctive band of pigments. The two mathematical models described
in this study highlight the usefulness of pigments in the prediction of the shelf-life of extra virgin olive oil.La calidad del aceite de oliva virgen estĂĄ relacionada con su flavor y sus beneficios
Ășnicos para la salud. Algunas de estas propiedades se encuentran en el nivel mĂĄs deseable cuando el aceite estĂĄ
reciĂ©n extraĂdo, ya que no es un producto que mejore con el tiempo. Por el contrario, las concentraciones de
muchos compuestos cambian a lo largo de la vida Ăștil. Estos cambios revelan el envejecimiento del aceite, pero
no implican necesariamente la alteraciĂłn de las propiedades sensoriales, por lo que en algunos casos un aceite
envejecido procedente de aceitunas sanas puede presentar mejor calidad que uno fresco procedente de aceitunas
afectadas por procesos de fermentaciĂłn. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar diferentes metodologĂas propuestas para evaluar la calidad del aceite de oliva virgen con implicaciones en la frescura y el envejecimiento del
aceite, destacando las posibilidades de las råpidas técnicas espectrofluorométricas para evaluar la frescura del
aceite verificando la evoluciĂłn de los pigmentos durante el almacenamiento. El cambio observado en las caracterĂsticas espectrales seleccionadas y su modelado matemĂĄtico a lo largo del tiempo se comparĂł con el modelo
aceptado para predecir la cantidad de pirofeofitina a, que se basa en estudios isocinéticos. Los dos modelos
matemĂĄticos descritos en este estudio pusieron de manifiesto la utilidad de los pigmentos en la predicciĂłn de la
vida Ăștil del aceite de oliva virgen extra. La mejor regresiĂłn se obtuvo para 655 nm (R2
-ajustado = 0,91), longitud de onda que coincide con la banda distintiva de pigmentos.SecretarĂa de Estado de InvestigaciĂłn, Desarrollo e InnovaciĂłn de España-AGL2015-69320-
Una caracterizaciĂłn de las clases de cĂĄlculo en el ĂĄrea de ciencias
Se presenta una investigaciĂłn que refiere el tipo de interacciones que se produce entre profesor y alumnos al interior de dos aulas de ciencias matemĂĄticas al momento de desarrollar las clases de cĂĄlculo. Haciendo uso de la etnografĂa en tanto mĂ©todo cualitativo de investigaciĂłn, documentamos durante un tiempo prolongado, lo acontecido en las clases de cĂĄlculo en dos grupos distintos de estudiantes. De esta manera, nuestros hallazgos son caracterizados en funciĂłn de lo que hemos denominado, la costumbre didĂĄctica del profesor y las interacciones de aula
Un estudio descriptivo de las interacciones en el aula. Elemento de anĂĄlisis en la reprobaciĂłn y rezago de cĂĄlculo
Reportamos un estudio de carĂĄcter descriptivo realizado al interior de dos aulas de nivel universitario en un curso de cĂĄlculo diferencial. Se considerĂł al aula como el escenario propicio para indagar sobre el tipo de prĂĄcticas que se ejercen al momento en que interactĂșan profesor, alumno en torno a un conocimiento que se quiere sea aprendido (contenido temĂĄtico). De esta manera, presentamos algunas caracterĂsticas de la cultura y del quehacer docente desarrollado en las aulas, fruto del anĂĄlisis de observaciones sistemĂĄticas realizadas a lo largo de tres meses
Regional devolopment and solidarity in Spain: the relationship between the E.C. and the internal solidarity funds.
This paper will analyse the importance that the Regional Solidarity Funds have acquired in the financial systems of those Autonomous Communities able to benefit from them, and the influence that these Funds have had in their development. In addition, the special role that Structural Funds have had in order to bring the Autonomous Communitiesâ development in line with the average level of the European Member States will be referred to. Then, the different EC tools that are connected with regional development will be described and analysed; next, the Spanish regions that have benefited from these tools since Spain joined the European Union in 1986 will be studied. The Internal Solidarity Funds and their relationship with the EC Structural Funds will also be analysed. The effects of these mechanisms will be examined from three different points of view. First of all, the impact of these resources on the regional financial system will be considered; secondly, the coordination between the EC Structural Funds and the Internal Solidarity Funds, and the impact of this relationship will be analysed; and finally, whether or not these mechanisms are efficient enough to achieve the aim of regional unity will be determined, and their influence in different areas of production will also be observed. Key words: Fiscal Federalism, Spanish Autonomous Communities, Structural Funds, Inter-regional Solidarity. JEL Codes: H7, H77.
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