Supplementation of Dairy Cows under Alfalfa Grazing Conditions with Ground Corn

Two trials were carried out during the Autumn of 1991 and 1992 to investigate the effects of corn supplementation on lactational performance of dairy cows under alfalfa grazing. Forty two multiparous Holstein cows with 30-60 days in milk were used in a randomized continuous design with covariance analysis. The treatments were 0.0, 3.5 and 7.0 kg.day-1 of corn grain supplementation (T1, T2 and T3 respectively) in 1991 and 0.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 kg.day-1 (T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively) in 1992. Six cows per treatment were used divided in 3 cows per grazing paddock. Dry matter (DM) intake (DMI) was estimated weekly for each group of cows. The pasture allowance was between 22-26 kg DM.cow-1.day-1. Pasture and grain DMI were 16.6 and 0.0, 13.5 and 3.2, 13.3 and 6.1 kg.cow-1.day-1 (T1, T2 and T3 respectively) in 1991; 16.8 and 0.0, 15.7 and 2.1, 14.0 and 4.1, 12.2 and 6.3 kg.cow-1.day-1 (T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively) in 1992. The substitution rate was 0.66 kgDM pasture per kgDM corn. There was a lineal effect of supplementation on milk production the responses were 0.936 (1991) and 1.173 (1992) kg milk kgDM-1 corn. However, non significant effects (P \u3e0.05) on fat content (32.8 and 31.9 g. kg-1 milk) and protein contents (30.7 and 30.7 g. kg-1 milk) in milk during both years (1991 and 1992 respectively) were observed

High Moisture Sorghum Grain Silage: Effects of Tannin Content and Urea Treatment on the Performance of Dairy Cows

Grain sorghum silage tannin content effect was evaluated on milk production and chemical composition of Argentinean Holstein bred cows, and it are described dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in situ digestion parameters and effective degradability. The base diet was constituted by alfalfa pasture, maize silage, and a protein – mineral supplement, differing in three treatments based on high moisture grain silage characteristic: LTS= Low tannin grain sorghum, HTS= High tannin grain sorghum, and HTSu= High tannin sorghum plus the addition of urea. Grain sorghum silage tannin content affects milk production, without significant alteration of chemical composition. Beside the effect of urea addition on grain sorghum tannin content, improvement in animal response was only moderate

End-of-life care in high-grade glioma patients. The palliative and supportive perspective

High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are the most frequently diagnosed primary brain tumors. Even though it has been demonstrated that combined surgical therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy improve survival, HGGs still harbor a very poor prognosis and limited overall survival. Differently from other types of primary neoplasm, HGG manifests also as a neurological disease. According to this, palliative care of HGG patients represents a peculiar challenge for healthcare providers and caregivers since it has to be directed to both general and neurological cancer symptoms. In this way, the end-of-life (EOL) phase of HGG patients appears to be like a journey through medical issues, progressive neurological deterioration, and psychological, social, and affective concerns. EOL is intended as the time prior to death when symptoms increase and antitumoral therapy is no longer effective. In this phase, palliative care is intended as an integrated support aimed to reduce the symptoms burden and improve the Quality Of Life (QOL). Palliative care is represented by medical, physical, psychological, spiritual, and social interventions which are primarily aimed to sustain patients’ functions during the disease time, while maintaining an acceptable quality of life and ensuring a dignified death. Since HGGs represent also a family concern, due to the profound emotional and relational issues that the progression of the disease poses, palliative care may also relieve the distress of the caregivers and increase the satisfaction of patients’ relatives. We present the results of a literature review addressed to enlighten and classify the best medical, psychological, rehabilitative, and social interventions that are addressed both to patients and to their caregivers, which are currently adopted as palliative care during the EOL phase of HGG patients in order to orientate the best medical practice in HGG management

Exposure assessment of mycotoxins in cow's milk in Argentina

A stochastic simulation model was developed to carry out the first quantitative risk exposure assessment of the mycotoxin level in cow's milk produced in Argentina. The prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) were modeled at various stages through milk processes complying with Argentinean practices. Concentration of AFM1 (0.059. ppb), DON (0.338. ppb) and ZEA (0.125. ppb) in dairy milk were estimated. The proportion of feed samples that exceeded the maximum level accepted by European regulations for AFB1, DON and ZEA were estimated at 25.07%, 0.0% and 8.9%, respectively. The percentage of milk samples that exceeded the maximum level accepted for AFB1 by the MERCOSUR (0.5. ppb) and the European Union regulations (0.05. ppb) were 0.81 and 32.65, respectively. The probability distribution of AFM1 concentration in milk was affected by the carry-over rate equations applied in the model. Mycotoxin levels in corn silage and concentrated feeds were the factors most correlated with mycotoxin concentrations in milk. Therefore, agricultural practices, crop management and feed production require prompt attention regarding mycotoxin issues. Elsevier Ltd.Fil: Signorini Porchietto, Marcelo Lisandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Gaggiotti, M.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Molineri, Ana Inés. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Chiericatti, C. A.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Zapata de Basílico, M. L.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Basílico, J. .. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Pisani, M.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentin

Quantification of aflatoxin M1 carry-over rate from feed to soft cheese

From January to December 2016, samples of milk and feeds of dairy cattle were monthly collected. The concentration of mycotoxins in all matrices was determined using the enzymatic immunoassay technique. The average concentration of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in feed was 3.01, 218.5 and 467 ug/kg, respectively. The average AFB1 carry-over rate was 0.84% with a variation between 0.05 to 5.93%. Particle size of the feed (P = 0.030) and individual milk production (P = 0.001) affected this rate. Mini-soft cheeses were produced using milk naturally contaminated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) as raw material to study its distribution both in whey and in cheese. The average level of AFM1 in milk was 0.014 μg/l. None of milk samples exceeded the maximum level accepted for AFB1 by the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) legislation (0.5 μg/l) and only 5.5% of samples exceeded the European Union (UE) regulations (0.05 μg/l). After the cheese elaboration, the concentration of AFM1 was determined in whey and in cheese. The greatest proportion (60%) was detected in whey while 40% AFM1 remained in the cheese. However, the concentration of AFM1 was higher in the cheese compared to the original milk.Fil: Costamagna, D.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Gaggiotti, M.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Chiericatti, C. A.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química; ArgentinaFil: Costabel, L.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Audero, Gabriela María de Luján. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Taverna, Miguel Angel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Signorini Porchietto, Marcelo Lisandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentin

An evaluation of the nutritional quality of four ecotype quinua plants with a potential use for fodder in the area of San Juan, Argentina

La Quinua puede usarse para alimentar ganado en estado de plántula hasta inicio de floración, como forraje en verde, o conservándolo con procesos de ensilado. En la actualidad hay poca información sobre el uso de la quinua como forrajera a nivel nacional como regional. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad nutricional y aptitud forrajera de diferentes ecotipos de quinua, con el fin de conocer su potencialidad productiva en la zona y emplearla como forraje en zonas áridas y semiáridas. Se trabajó en bloques al azar, cada bloque corresponde a dos distintos momentos de siembra, dichos bloques se dividieron en 4 repeticiones por ecotipo. Se usaron plantas en estado de floración de los 4 ecotipos del centro y sur de Chile: Villarrica, Cahuil, Faro y Cancosa. Se tomaron muestras antes de floración en el primer momento de siembra y se analizó el porcentaje de Fibra Detergente Neutra y Acida (FDN y FDA), Proteína Bruta (PB), Extracto Etéreo (EE), Cenizas (C) y Digestibilidad (D). Los datos se analizaron con ANOVA y la separación de medias con Test LSD Fisher. Solo se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ecotipos en la cantidad de PB y C. Los ecotipos Faro y Cahuil presentaron los valores más altos en PB con 21,47 y 21,98% respectivamente, mientras que tuvo bajos valores de FDA y FDN. Sin embargo en Cahuil se determinó el más alto valor en C comparado con el resto de los ecotipos (27,59%). Los ecotipos cultivados presentaron muy buen valor nutricional, demostrando gran potencial como alternativa forrajera en zona árida y semiáridas bajo riego. Los demás parámetros fueron similares entre ecotipos. Concluímos que Cahuil y Faro serían potencialmente más aptos para emplearse como complemento forrajero debido a los altos parámetros nutricionales cuantificados.The Quinua can be used for cattle feed from its seedling period until the flowering onset either as green fodder or stored with ensilage processes. Nowadays, there is very little information about the uses of Quinoa as fodder, either at a national or at a regional level. The objective of this research paper is to evaluate the nutritional quality and the forage capacity of different quinoa ecotypes in order to determine its productive potential in the region and evaluate its use as fodder in semi arid and arid areas. This study was carried out in two blocks; each block corresponds to two different moments of the planting time. The blocks were divided into 4 segments called repetitions and each repetition contains 4 ecotypes of Quinoa which were disposed randomly. The plants used in this study were in their flowering state and belong to four ecotypes from southern and central areas of Chile: Villarrica, Cahuil, Faro and Cancosa. The first samples were taken before the flowering period during the first moment of the planting time. The percentage was analyzed for the following: Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) and Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Crude Protein (CP), Ether Extract, Ashes (A), and Digestibility. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and the separation of measurements with the LSD Test Fisher. The only significant difference among the ecotypes were found in the amount of CP and A. The ecotypes Faro and Cahuil presented the highest percentages in PB, with 21, 47 and 21, 98 respectively while the percentages in ADF and NDF were relatively low. However, Cahuil showed the highest percentage in C compared to the rest of ecotypes (27.59%). The ecotypes presented a significant Nutritional value, showing a great protential as an alternative type of fodder in arid and semiarid zones under artificial watering. The values were similar for the rest of the ecotypes. To sum up, Cahuil and Faro seem to be potentially more adequate to use used as a fodder complement due to their high nutritional quantified parameters.EEA San JuanFil: De Vita, C. Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ). Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica; ArgentinaFil: Zingaretti, A. Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ). Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica; ArgentinaFil: García, M. Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ). Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica; ArgentinaFil: Gaggiotti, Monica Del Carmen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina.Fil: Roqueiro, Gonzalo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina.Fil: Allende, Mario Daniel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina.Fil: Bárcena, Nadia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina

The words leader/líder and their resonances in an Italo-Latin American multinational corporation

© 2017, © The Author(s) 2017. The problems of ‘lost in translation’ are well known. Yet some terms of English managerial vocabulary, which are perfectly translatable in other languages, remain untranslated. One explanation of this phenomenon is what Linguistic anthropology call negative semantic resonances. Semantic resonances focused on the issue of which meanings can or cannot be expressed by a single word in different cultures. In this paper, based on an organisational ethnography of Latin American expatriates working for an Italo-Latin-American multinational corporation (Tubworld), we analyse the resonances of the word leader/líder and director, direttore, capo, guida, coordinador, caudillo among a group of expatriates; all Italian, Spanish or multilingual speakers who use English as a second language in their everyday interactions. The paper explains how the different uses contribute to create a meaning of what a leader should and should not be; someone who leads without leading, sometimes a manager. The authors, an Italian native speaker who learnt Spanish during childhood and use English as his everyday language and a Spanish native speaker, argue that Italian or Spanish speakers not only avoid the words duce and caudillo (the vernacular vocabulary for leader, not in use due to the political and cultural meaning) but also the word leader/líder itself, as it resonate to the other two (violent, authoritarian, autocratic, antidemocratic leadership) but furthermore because the word, a lexical loan from English, failed to encapsulate the complexity of leading multilingual organisations like Tubworld

Cultural traditions across a migratory network shape the genetic structure of southern right whales around Australia and New Zealand

Fidelity to migratory destinations is an important driver of connectivity in marine and avian species. Here we assess the role of maternally directed learning of migratory habitats, or migratory culture, on the population structure of the endangered Australian and New Zealand southern right whale. Using DNA profiles, comprising mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes (500 bp), microsatellite genotypes (17 loci) and sex from 128 individually-identified whales, we find significant differentiation among winter calving grounds based on both mtDNA haplotype (F[subscript]ST = 0.048, Φ[subscript]ST = 0.109, p < 0.01) and microsatellite allele frequencies (F[subscript]ST = 0.008, p < 0.01), consistent with long-term fidelity to calving areas. However, most genetic comparisons of calving grounds and migratory corridors were not significant, supporting the idea that whales from different calving grounds mix in migratory corridors. Furthermore, we find a significant relationship between δ¹³C stable isotope profiles of 66 Australian southern right whales, a proxy for feeding ground location, and both mtDNA haplotypes and kinship inferred from microsatellite-based estimators of relatedness. This indicates migratory culture may influence genetic structure on feeding grounds. This fidelity to migratory destinations is likely to influence population recovery, as long-term estimates of historical abundance derived from estimates of genetic diversity indicate the South Pacific calving grounds remain at <10% of pre-whaling abundance.This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Nature Publishing Group. The published article can be found at: http://www.nature.com/articles/srep1618