Efficient 3D numerical prediction of the pressure wave generated by high-speed trains entering tunnels

International audienceThe topic of this paper is to present a new methodology for the three-dimensional numerical simulation of the entrance of high-speed trains in a tunnel. The movement of the train is made thanks to a technique of sliding meshes and a conservative treatment of the faces between two domains. All parts of the development are thought with the aim to reduce the computational time. In particular, non reflecting boundary conditions for non-structured three-dimensional meshes are developed in order to limit the calculation domain. Validations of the methodology are presented on different test cases

Structural signatures of igneous sheet intrusion propagation

The geometry and distribution of planar igneous bodies (i.e. sheet intrusions), such as dykes, sills, and inclined sheets, has long been used to determine emplacement mechanics, define melt source locations, and reconstruct palaeostress conditions to shed light on various tectonic and magmatic processes. Since the 1970’s we have recognised that sheet intrusions do not necessarily display a continuous, planar geometry, but commonly consist of segments. The morphology of these segments and their connectors is controlled by, and provide insights into, the behaviour of the host rock during emplacement. For example, tensile brittle fracturing leads to the formation of intrusive steps or bridge structures between adjacent segments. In contrast, brittle shear faulting, cataclastic and ductile flow processes, as well as heat-induced viscous flow or fluidization, promotes magma finger development. Textural indicators of magma flow (e.g., rock fabrics) reveal that segments are aligned parallel to the initial sheet propagation direction. Recognising and mapping segment long axes thus allows melt source location hypotheses, derived from sheet distribution and orientation, to be robustly tested. Despite the information that can be obtained from these structural signatures of sheet intrusion propagation, they are largely overlooked by the structural and volcanological communities. To highlight their utility, we briefly review the formation of sheet intrusion segments, discuss how they inform interpretations of magma emplacement, and outline future research directions.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Zoonotic Viruses Associated with Illegally Imported Wildlife Products

The global trade in wildlife has historically contributed to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. The United States is the world's largest importer of wildlife and wildlife products, yet minimal pathogen surveillance has precluded assessment of the health risks posed by this practice. This report details the findings of a pilot project to establish surveillance methodology for zoonotic agents in confiscated wildlife products. Initial findings from samples collected at several international airports identified parts originating from nonhuman primate (NHP) and rodent species, including baboon, chimpanzee, mangabey, guenon, green monkey, cane rat and rat. Pathogen screening identified retroviruses (simian foamy virus) and/or herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and lymphocryptovirus) in the NHP samples. These results are the first demonstration that illegal bushmeat importation into the United States could act as a conduit for pathogen spread, and suggest that implementation of disease surveillance of the wildlife trade will help facilitate prevention of disease emergence

2022 Roadmap on integrated quantum photonics

AbstractIntegrated photonics will play a key role in quantum systems as they grow from few-qubit prototypes to tens of thousands of qubits. The underlying optical quantum technologies can only be realized through the integration of these components onto quantum photonic integrated circuits (QPICs) with accompanying electronics. In the last decade, remarkable advances in quantum photonic integration have enabled table-top experiments to be scaled down to prototype chips with improvements in efficiency, robustness, and key performance metrics. These advances have enabled integrated quantum photonic technologies combining up to 650 optical and electrical components onto a single chip that are capable of programmable quantum information processing, chip-to-chip networking, hybrid quantum system integration, and high-speed communications. In this roadmap article, we highlight the status, current and future challenges, and emerging technologies in several key research areas in integrated quantum photonics, including photonic platforms, quantum and classical light sources, quantum frequency conversion, integrated detectors, and applications in computing, communications, and sensing. With advances in materials, photonic design architectures, fabrication and integration processes, packaging, and testing and benchmarking, in the next decade we can expect a transition from single- and few-function prototypes to large-scale integration of multi-functional and reconfigurable devices that will have a transformative impact on quantum information science and engineering

Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo: Número 38 - 1926 febrero 17

This project is concerned with the process of initiating layout changes in a New Zealand business. The business that is being investigated, Cableways, operates a bar, a bottle store, a bistro and a gaming room. The bar and gaming room are the focus of this report in with regards to layout changes. The process started with detailed planning and evaluation of the existing setting. A layout primitive was initially constructed that provided an insight into the current layout of the business. A model was then used to facilitate changes in layout. It began with establishing the likely future considerations that will impact on the operation of the business. The physical functions and their needs are determined from the layout primitive. The space requirements of each function are analysed before the relationship between the patrons that use them is discussed. Using the original layout primitive of Cableways, and the information gathered above, four different designs were constructed. All four provided different scenarios of layout plans, with the aim of improving current layout. They were evaluated on their ability to meet certain requirements, and the most appropriate design was chosen. It is from this process that option three is recommended for the final step of the process, populating the layout. There are three reasons why option three has been chosen. Firstly it better satisfies the needs of Cableways when compared to the other options. Secondly it meets the three critical aspects of layout decisions suggested in the literature of planning that is strategic, and in unison with the operations strategy. Thirdly the potential benefits to be gained from this option far out weigh the remaining three. The design of option three (provided in figure 8) needs to be accurately reproduced to represent measurements and scale. From this a feasibility study can be undertaken to determine whether the option is suitable. If such a study does not identify any problems with the design, then it is recommended that construction begin at a time that is most suitable. The resulting changes should lead to a competitive advantage for Cableways.UnpublishedAvkiran, N. K. (1999). Quality customer service demands human contact. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 17(2), 61-74. Ahrnad, R., & Buttle, F. (2002). Customer retention management: a reflection of theory and practice. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 20(3), 149-161. Bassett, G., & Todd, R. (1994). The SPT Priority Sequence Rule: the illusion of efficiency and the reality of bottlenecks. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 14(12), 70-78. Bicheno, J., & Elliott, B. (1997). Operations management: an active learning approach. London, England: Blackwell Publishers. Canen, A. G., & Williamson, G. H. (1996). Facility layout overview: towards competitive advantage. Facilities, 14(10, 11), 5-10. Curasi, C. F. and K. N. Kennedy (2002). From prisoners to apostles: a typology of repeat buyers and loyal customers in service businesses. Journal of Services Marketing, 16(4), 22-41. Douglas, J. (1996). Building performance and its relevance to facilities management. Facilities, 14(3/4), 23-32. Fletcher, M. (1999). The effects of internal communication, leadership and team performance on successful service quality implementation: A South African perspective. Team Performance Management, 5(5), 150-163. Hall, L., Batley, T., Elkin, G., Johnston, S., Jones, M. T., Selsky, J. W., & Sibbald, A. (1999). Managing New Zealand Organisations: principles, practices and issues (2nd ed.). Auckland, New Zealand: Addison Wesley Longman. Hayes, R. H., Pisano, G. P., & Upton, D. M. (1996). Strategic Operations: competing through capabilities. New York, USA: The Free Press. Heizer, J., & Render, B. (2001). Operations Management (6th ed.). New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. Hope, C., & Muhlemann, A. (1997). Service operations management: strategy, design and delivery. Hertfordshire, Great Britain: Prentice Hall. Horovitz, J. (2000). Seven secrets of service strategy. Harlow, Great Britain: Pearson Education. Hughes, M. (1995). Executive forum: security aspects of retail financial services. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 13(3), 28-32. Johnson, G., & Scholes, K. (2002). Exploring corporate strategy: text and cases (6th ed.). Essex, U.K: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Kemper, R. E., & Yehudai, J. (1991). Experiencing operations management. Massachusetts, USA: PWS Kent. Kerns, F. (1999). Strategic facility planning (SFP). Work Study, 48(5), 176-181. Levy, M., & Weitz, B. A. (1996). Essentials of retailing. Massachusetts, USA: McGraw Hill. Lo, S. M., Lam, K. C., & Yuen, R. K. K. (2000). Views of building surveyors and building services engineers on priority setting of fire safety attributes for building maintenance. Facilities, 18(13), 513-523. Mawson, A. (1994). A fresh look at intelligent buildings. Facilities, 12(2), 20-23. McGregor, W. (1994). An integrated workplace. Facilities, 12(5), 20-25. McLennan, P. (2000). Intellectual capital: future competitive advantage for facility management. Facilities, 18(3/4), 168-172. Meacham, B. J. (1999). Integrating human behaviour and response issues into fire safety management of facilities. Facilities, 17(9), 303-312. Mintzberg, H., & Quinn, J. B. (1995). The Strategy Process. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. Muther, R. (1955). Practical plant layout. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. Muther, R. (1974). Systematic layout planning (2nd ed.). Massachusetts, USA: Cahners Books. O'Roarty, B., McGreal, S., & Adair, A. (1998). Clustering retailers by store space requirements. Journal of Property Valuation & Investment, 16(2), 133-143. Pratt, K. T. (1994). Be radical - Go back to basics. Facilities, 12(3), 14-16. Ritzman, L. P., & Krajewski, L. J. (2003). Foundations of operations management. New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education. Robbins, S. P., & Decenzo, D. A. (2001). Fundamentals of management (3rd ed.). New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall. Rosenblatt, M. J. (1986). The dynamics of plant layout. Management Science, 32(1), 76-86. Schroeder, R. G. (1993). Operations Management: decision making in the operations function (4th ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. Schroeder, R. G. (2000). Operations Management: contemporary concepts and cases. Boston, USA: McGraw-Hill. Sims Jr, R. (1990). MH problems are business problems. Industrial Engineering(May). Skinner, W. (1974). The focused factory. Harvard Business Review(May-June), 113- 121. Slack, N., Chambers, S., & Johnston, R. (2001). Operations Management (3rd ed.). Essex, England: Pearson Education. Slack, N., & Lewis, M. (2001). Operations Strategy. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. Steil, R., & Donoho, C. L. (1996). Classifying services from a consumer perspective. Journal of Services Marketing, 10(6), 33-44. Sthahl, J. F. (1990). Facility productivity today can be planned, measured and controlled - do it. Industrial Engineering, 22(6), 28-32. Usher, J. E., Cresielski, C. A., & Johanson, R. A. (1990). Redesigning an existing layout presents a major challenge - and produces dramatic results. Industrial Engineering, 22(6), 45-49. Van Peursem, K. A., & Wells, P. K. (2000). Contracting practices in professional accounting SMEs: an analysis of New Zealand firms. International Small Business Journal, 19(1), 68-82. Vazquez, D., & Bruce, M. (2002). Design management - the unexplored retail marketing competence. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 30(4), 202-210. Webb, R. S., Kelly, J. R., & Thomson, D. S. (1997). Building services component reuse: an FM response to the need for adaptability. Facilities, 15(12-13), 316- 322. Wises. (2003). Powered by Wises. UBD. Retrieved February 23 2003, 2003, from the World Wide Web: http://www.wises.co.nz/map/?zoomin=true&move=true Wrennall, W. (1999). Facilities design for an integrated structure. Work Study, 48(4), 123-130

Stratégie végétale d’inhibition biologique de la dénitrification (BDI) : rôle dans l’amélioration de la croissance et de la nutrition des plantes

To meet the needs of human populations, agriculture is increasingly intensive, using a very large number of nitrogen fertilizers to increase yields. These fertilizers are used because nitrogen is one of the most important and limiting factors for plant growth. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate is subject to pollution problems that can affect the environment and human health. The challenges for tomorrow's agriculture are therefore to face an ever-increasing population, while limiting the impact on our environment. This is why research and agriculture are increasingly questioning the use of other products such as biostimulants or inhibitors, in order to limit inputs while maintaining a viable productivity rate. One solution would be to act on soil microorganisms linked to the nitrogen cycle in order to limit nitrogen losses from agrosystems through greenhouse gas (N2O) emissions, leaching and/or volatilization. Indeed, in soils, nitrate is also used by so-called denitrifying bacteria, which reduce it to N2O (greenhouse gases) and N2, representing a loss of nitrogen for crops and an increase in air pollution. As a result, plants compete directly with these bacteria for the assimilation of nitrate. Recently, the supervising team of this thesis has highlighted a strategy developed by some plants consisting of the production of secondary metabolites: procyanidins, which inhibit the denitrification of soil microbial communities. Procyanidins have the ability to inhibit the first step of denitrification in denitrifying bacteria, transforming nitrate into nitrite and thus preventing the use of nitrate, without however exerting an antibacterial effect. This strategy therefore preserves the nitrate in the soil, which can then be used by plants for their nutrition and growth. The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of the application of exogenous procyanidins at several field concentrations on a plant model of economic interest, lettuce, as well as on different soil types. These effects have also been tested on another model of economic interest that consumes nitrogen, celery. During these experiments, measurements were made on (i) microbial denitrification activity, (ii) plant traits related to growth and (iii) the abundance of denitrifying bacterial communities. Our results show an induction of a BDI in the field, a conservation of nitrate inducing in turn an improvement in plant growth and a counter-selection by the plant of denitrifiers. The other point addressed, which was rather fundamental but less successful due to a lack of time, was to highlight, via the use of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants affected in the production of procyanidins or overproducing procyanidins, a return to the plant of nitrogen diverted following the BDIPour répondre aux besoins des populations humaines, l'agriculture est de plus en plus intensive, utilisant un très grand nombre d'engrais azotés pour augmenter les rendements. Ces engrais sont utilisés parce que l'azote est l'un des facteurs les plus important et limitant pour la croissance des plantes. L’azote sous forme de nitrate est soumis à des problématiques de pollutions pouvant affecter l’environnement ainsi que la santé humaine. Les défis de l'agriculture de demain sont donc de faire face à une population toujours plus nombreuse, tout en limitant l'impact sur notre environnement. C’est pour cela que la recherche et l’agriculture se questionnent de plus en plus sur l’utilisation d’autres produits comme les biostimulants ou des inhibiteurs, afin de limiter les intrants tout en conservant un taux de productivité viable. Une solution consisterait à agir sur les microorganismes du sol liés au cycle de l’azote afin de limiter les pertes des agrosystèmes en azote via le dégagement de gaz à effet de serre (N2O), de lessivage ou/et de volatilisation. En effet, dans les sols, le nitrate est également utilisé par les bactéries dites dénitrifiantes qui le réduisent en N2O (gaz à effet de serre) et N2, représentant alors une perte d’azote pour les cultures et une augmentation de la pollution atmosphérique. Par conséquent, les plantes sont en compétition directe avec ces bactéries pour l'assimilation du nitrate. Récemment, l’équipe encadrante de cette thèse a mis en évidence une stratégie développée par certaines plantes consistant en la production de métabolites secondaires : les procyanidines, qui inhibent la dénitrification des communautés microbiennes du sol. Les procyanidines ont la capacité d’inhiber, chez les bactéries dénitrifiantes, la première étape de la dénitrification transformant le nitrate en nitrite et ainsi d’empêcher l’utilisation du nitrate, sans toutefois exercer un effet antibactérien. Cette stratégie permet de conserver par conséquent le nitrate dans le sol, celui-ci pouvant alors être utilisé par les plantes pour leur nutrition et leur croissance. L’objectif principal de cette thèse a été d’évaluer l’effet de l’application de procyanidines exogènes à plusieurs concentrations en champs sur un modèle de plante d’intérêt économique, la laitue, ainsi que sur différents types de sols. Ces effets ont également été testés sur un autre modèle d’intérêt économique consommatrice d’azote, le céleri. Au cours de ces expérimentations, des mesures ont été effectuées sur (i) l’activité microbienne de dénitrification, (ii) les traits végétaux en lien avec la croissance et (iii) l’abondance des communautés bactériennes dénitrifiantes. Nos résultats montrent une induction d'un BDI en champs, une conservation du nitrate induisant à son tour une amélioration de la croissance des végétaux et une contre sélection par la plante des dénitrifiants. L’autre point abordé, plutôt fondamental mais qui a moins abouti faute de temps, consistait à mettre en évidence via l’utilisation de mutants d’Arabidopsis thaliana affectés dans la production des procyanidines ou surproduisant les procyanidines, un retour vers la plante de l’azote détourné suite au BD

Biological Denitrification Inhibition (BDI) in the field : a plant strategy to improve plant nutrition and growth

Pour répondre aux besoins des populations humaines, l'agriculture est de plus en plus intensive, utilisant un très grand nombre d'engrais azotés pour augmenter les rendements. Ces engrais sont utilisés parce que l'azote est l'un des facteurs les plus important et limitant pour la croissance des plantes. L’azote sous forme de nitrate est soumis à des problématiques de pollutions pouvant affecter l’environnement ainsi que la santé humaine. Les défis de l'agriculture de demain sont donc de faire face à une population toujours plus nombreuse, tout en limitant l'impact sur notre environnement. C’est pour cela que la recherche et l’agriculture se questionnent de plus en plus sur l’utilisation d’autres produits comme les biostimulants ou des inhibiteurs, afin de limiter les intrants tout en conservant un taux de productivité viable. Une solution consisterait à agir sur les microorganismes du sol liés au cycle de l’azote afin de limiter les pertes des agrosystèmes en azote via le dégagement de gaz à effet de serre (N2O), de lessivage ou/et de volatilisation. En effet, dans les sols, le nitrate est également utilisé par les bactéries dites dénitrifiantes qui le réduisent en N2O (gaz à effet de serre) et N2, représentant alors une perte d’azote pour les cultures et une augmentation de la pollution atmosphérique. Par conséquent, les plantes sont en compétition directe avec ces bactéries pour l'assimilation du nitrate. Récemment, l’équipe encadrante de cette thèse a mis en évidence une stratégie développée par certaines plantes consistant en la production de métabolites secondaires : les procyanidines, qui inhibent la dénitrification des communautés microbiennes du sol. Les procyanidines ont la capacité d’inhiber, chez les bactéries dénitrifiantes, la première étape de la dénitrification transformant le nitrate en nitrite et ainsi d’empêcher l’utilisation du nitrate, sans toutefois exercer un effet antibactérien. Cette stratégie permet de conserver par conséquent le nitrate dans le sol, celui-ci pouvant alors être utilisé par les plantes pour leur nutrition et leur croissance. L’objectif principal de cette thèse a été d’évaluer l’effet de l’application de procyanidines exogènes à plusieurs concentrations en champs sur un modèle de plante d’intérêt économique, la laitue, ainsi que sur différents types de sols. Ces effets ont également été testés sur un autre modèle d’intérêt économique consommatrice d’azote, le céleri. Au cours de ces expérimentations, des mesures ont été effectuées sur (i) l’activité microbienne de dénitrification, (ii) les traits végétaux en lien avec la croissance et (iii) l’abondance des communautés bactériennes dénitrifiantes. Nos résultats montrent une induction d'un BDI en champs, une conservation du nitrate induisant à son tour une amélioration de la croissance des végétaux et une contre sélection par la plante des dénitrifiants. L’autre point abordé, plutôt fondamental mais qui a moins abouti faute de temps, consistait à mettre en évidence via l’utilisation de mutants d’Arabidopsis thaliana affectés dans la production des procyanidines ou surproduisant les procyanidines, un retour vers la plante de l’azote détourné suite au BDITo meet the needs of human populations, agriculture is increasingly intensive, using a very large number of nitrogen fertilizers to increase yields. These fertilizers are used because nitrogen is one of the most important and limiting factors for plant growth. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate is subject to pollution problems that can affect the environment and human health. The challenges for tomorrow's agriculture are therefore to face an ever-increasing population, while limiting the impact on our environment. This is why research and agriculture are increasingly questioning the use of other products such as biostimulants or inhibitors, in order to limit inputs while maintaining a viable productivity rate. One solution would be to act on soil microorganisms linked to the nitrogen cycle in order to limit nitrogen losses from agrosystems through greenhouse gas (N2O) emissions, leaching and/or volatilization. Indeed, in soils, nitrate is also used by so-called denitrifying bacteria, which reduce it to N2O (greenhouse gases) and N2, representing a loss of nitrogen for crops and an increase in air pollution. As a result, plants compete directly with these bacteria for the assimilation of nitrate. Recently, the supervising team of this thesis has highlighted a strategy developed by some plants consisting of the production of secondary metabolites: procyanidins, which inhibit the denitrification of soil microbial communities. Procyanidins have the ability to inhibit the first step of denitrification in denitrifying bacteria, transforming nitrate into nitrite and thus preventing the use of nitrate, without however exerting an antibacterial effect. This strategy therefore preserves the nitrate in the soil, which can then be used by plants for their nutrition and growth. The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of the application of exogenous procyanidins at several field concentrations on a plant model of economic interest, lettuce, as well as on different soil types. These effects have also been tested on another model of economic interest that consumes nitrogen, celery. During these experiments, measurements were made on (i) microbial denitrification activity, (ii) plant traits related to growth and (iii) the abundance of denitrifying bacterial communities. Our results show an induction of a BDI in the field, a conservation of nitrate inducing in turn an improvement in plant growth and a counter-selection by the plant of denitrifiers. The other point addressed, which was rather fundamental but less successful due to a lack of time, was to highlight, via the use of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants affected in the production of procyanidins or overproducing procyanidins, a return to the plant of nitrogen diverted following the BD

Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Oviedo: Número 182 - 1931 agosto 14

Supply chain management (SCM) is a strategy that is used to develop a competitive advantage by encouraging all businesses within a supply chain to work together. This research is concerned with the purchasing partnerships that form the supply side of the supply chain. Successful purchasing partnerships require collaboration between buyer and supplier. Businesses must have suppliers that allow such collaborative partnerships to be successful at present and in the future. This highlights the importance of selecting the right suppliers and retaining them. Doing so will provide a business with a competitive advantage. Dunedin small businesses have developed thriving relationships with the majority of their suppliers. Suppliers are selected on quality and reliability/dependability. The informal nature of the relationships allows open communication, leading to commitment from both buyer and supplier. Such commitment aids in supplier retention alongside payment of accounts and brand loyalty. The benefits obtained from retention of suppliers include special deals offered from suppliers, and help in times of difficulty. These benefits will lead to the development of a competitive advantage for the purchasing business, and have arisen due to supplier selection and retention.UnpublishedAkkermans, H., Bogerd, P., & Vos, B. (1999). Virtuous and vicious cycles on the road towards international supply chain management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 19(516), 565-582. Amaratunga, D., & Baldry, D. (2001). Case study methodology as a means of theory building: performance measurement in facility management organisations. Work Study, 50(3), 95-105. Baily, D., Farmer, D., Jessop, D., & Jones, D. (1998). Purchasing principles and management (8th ed.). London, Great Britain: Financial Times Management. Basnet, C., Corner, J., Wisner, J., & Tan, K. (2003). Benchmarking supply chain management practice in New Zealand. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 8(1), 57-64. Boyle, B., & Dwyer, F. R. (1995). Power, bureaucracy, influence and performance: their relationships in industrial distribution channels. Journal of Business Research, 32(3), 189-200. Business Activity Statistics. (1996). Statistics New Zealand. Cameron , A., Massey, C. & Tweed, D. (1997). New Zealand small business: a review. Chartered Accountants Journal of New Zealand, 76(9), 4-12. Cardozo, R. N., Shipp, S. H., & Roering, K. J. (1992). Proactive strategic partnerships: a new business markets strategy. The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 7(1), 51-73. Carr, A. S., & Pearson, J. N. (2002). The impact of purchasing and supplier involvement on strategic purchasing and its impact on firm's performance. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 22(9), 1032-1053. Chaharbaghi, K., & Lynch, R. (1999). Sustainable competitive advantage: towards a dynamic resource-based strategy. Management Decision, 37(1), 45-50. Childerhouse, P., & Towill, D. (2000). Engineering supply chains to match customer requirements. Logistics Information Management, 13(6), 337-346. Copacino, W. C. (1998). The barriers to supply-chain excellence. Logistics Management & Distribution Report(March 31), 39. Cox, A. (2001). Understanding buyer and supplier power: A framework for procurement and supply competence. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 37(2), 8-15. Dainty, A. R. J., Millett, S. J., & Briscoe, G. H. (2001). New perspectives on construction supply chain integration. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 6(4), 163-173. Das, T. K., & Teng, B. S. (1998). Between trust and control: developing confidence in partner cooperation in alliances. The Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 491-512. Dollinger, M. J., & Kolchin, M. G. (1986). Purchasing and the small firm. American Journal of Small Business(Winter), 33-45. Dwey, R. F., & Tanner, J. F. (2002). Business marketing: connecting strategy, relationships and learning (2nd ed.). New York, USA: McGraw Hill. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of management review, 14(4), 532-550. Everett, A. M. (1966). Strategic management of international business relationships with New Zealand: a primer for executives and investors. Management Decision, 34(9), 82-104. Fauvel, P. (1997). The Small-Business Challenge. Chartered Accountants Journal of New Zealand, 76(9), 41. Frankel, R., Schmitz Whipple, J., & Frayer, D. J. (1996). Formal versus informal contracts: achieving alliance success. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 26(3), 47-63. Fung, P. (1999). Managing purchasing in a supply chain contract - evolution and resolution. Logistics Information Management, 12(5), 362-367. Geringer, J. M., & Hebert, L. (1989). Control and performance of international joint ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 20, 235-259. Ghauri, P., Gronhaug, K., & Kristianslund, I. (1995). Research methods in business studies: a practical approach. New York, USA: Prentice-Hall. Gillian, S., & Cassell, C. (1998). Qualitative methods and analysis in organisational research: a practical guide. London, U.K: Sage Publications. Grant, R. (1998). Contemporary Strategy Analysis (3 ed.). Oxford, U.K: Blackwell. Gray, B. (1985). Conditions facilitating interorganisational collaboration. Human Relations, 38, 911-936. Gray, B. (1989). Collaborating: Finding common ground for multi party problems. San Francisco, USA: Jossey-Bass. Handfield, R. B., Krause, D. R., Scannell, T. V., & Monczka, R. M, (2000). Avoid the pitfalls in supplier development. Sloan Management Review, 41(2), 37-49. Hausman, A. (2001). Variations in relationship strength and its impact on performance and satisfaction in business relationships. The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 16(7), 600-616. Hussey, J., & Hussey, R. (1997). Business research: a practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. London, Great Britain: McMillan Press. Hutchins, G. (1992). Purchasing strategies for total quality management. Homewood, USA: Irwin. Janda, S., & Seshadri, S. (2001). The influence of purchasing strategies on performance. The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 16(4), 294-308. Kasouf, C. J., & Celuch, K. G. (1997). Interfirm relationships in the supply chain: the small suppliers view. Industrial Marketing Management, 26, 475-486. Keough, M. (1994). Buying your way to the top. Director, 47(9), 72-75. Kotler, P., Brown, L., Adam, S., & Armstrong, G. (2001). Marketing (5th ed.). NSW, Australia: Pearson Education. Krause, D. R., & Scannell, T. V. (2002). Supplier development practices: product and service based industry comparisons. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 38(2), 13-21. Lambert, D. M., & Cooper, M. C. (2000). Issues in supply chain management. Industrial Marketing Management, 29, 65-83. Lassar, W. M., & Zinn, W. (1995). Informal channel relationships in logistics. Journal of Business Logistics, 16(1), 81-106. Lemke, F., Goffin, K., Szwejczewski, M., Pfeiffer, R., & Lohmuller, B. (2000). Supplier base management: experiences from the UK and Germany. International Journal of Logistics Management, 11(2), 45-58. Linowes, R., & Dixon, B. (1992). Small business management development for a newly deregulated economy: the case of New Zealand. Journal of Small Business Management, 30(4), 131-136. Long, P. (1993). Perspectives on partnership organisations as an approach to local tourism development. In A. V. Seaton (Ed.), Tourism - the state of the art. Chichester, U.K: John Wiley & Sons. Luis, D., & Walter, Z. (1994). International supplier characteristics associated with successful long-term buyer/seller relationships. Journal of Business Logistics, 15(2), 63-87. Lummus, R. R., Krumwiede, D. W., & Vokurka, R. J. (2001). The relationship of logistics to supply chain management: developing a common industry definition. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 101(8), 426-432. Mabert, V. A., & Venkataramanan. (1998). Special research focus on supply chain linkages: challenges for design and management in the 21st century. Decision Sciences, 29(3), 537-552. McGregor, J., & Gomes, C. (1999). Technology uptake in small and medium-sized enterprises: Some evidence from New Zealand. Journal of Small Business Management, 37(3), 94-102. Mentzer, J. T., DeWitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D., & Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining supply chain management. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(2), 1-25. Mohr, J. J., Fisher, R. J., & Nevin, J. R. (1996). Collaborative communication in interfirm relationships: Moderating effects of integration and control. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 103-115. Monczka, R. M., Trent, R., & Callahan, T. J. (1993). Supply base strategies to maximise supplier performance. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 23(4), 42-56. Monczka, R. M., Trent, R., & Handfield, R. B. (2002). Purchasing and Supply Chain Management (2nd ed.). Ohio, USA: South-Western. Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58, 20-38. National Bank. (July 2002). Small Business Monitor. The National Bank of New Zealand Limited. Retrieved 22 August, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://www.nationalbank.co.nz/business/banking/monitor/020717/default.htm National Bank. (March 2002). Small Business Monitor. The National Bank of New Zealand Limited. Retrieved 22 August, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://www.nationalbank.co.nz/busi ness/banki ng/monitor/020322/defaul t. htm National Research Council. (2000). Surviving supply chain integration: strategies for small manufacturers. Washington. D.C, USA: National Academy Press. Nwankwo, S., Obidigbo, B., & Ekwulugo, F. (2002). Allying for quality excellence: scope for expert systems in supplier quality management. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 19(2), 187-205. Oakes, I., & Lee, G. (1999). Between a rock and a hard place: some dilemmas for smaller component suppliers. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 16(3), 252-263. Oliver, R. K., & Webber, M. D. (1982). Supply-chain management: logistics catches up with strategy. In R. K. W. Oliver, M.D. (Ed.), Outlook. Booz: Allen & Hamilton Inc. Olorunniwo, F., & Hartfield, T. (2001). Strategic partnering when the supply base is limited: a case study. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 101(1), 47-52. O'Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. A. (1996). Culture as social control: corporation's cults and commitment. Research in Organisational Behaviour, 18, 157-200. Park, D., & Krishnan, H. A. (2001a). Supplier selection practices among small firms in the United States: testing three models. Journal of Small Business Management, 39(3), 259-276. Park, D., & Krishnan, H. A. (2001b). Supplier selection practices among small firms in the United States: Testing three models. Journal of Small Business Management, 39(3), 259-271. Pearson, J. N., & Ellram, L. M. (1995). Supplier selection and evaluation in small versus large electronic firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 33(4), 53-65 Perry, C. (1998). Processes of case study methodology for postgraduate research in marketing. European Journal in Marketing, 32(9/10), 785-802. Quayle, M. (2000). Purchasing in small firms: a survey of the challenges and responses in UK SMEs. Paper presented at the The Third SMESME International Conference, Coventry University, UK. Ring, P. S., & Van de Ven, A. H. (1994). Developmental processes of cooperative interorganizational relationships. The Academy of Management Review, 19(1), 90-118. Roberts, M., & Wood, M. (2002). The strategic use of computerised information systems by a micro enterprise. Logistics Information Management, 15(2), 115- 125. Rowley, J. (2002). Using case studies in research. Management Research News, 25(1), 16-27. Sankaran, J. (2000). Freight logistics in the New Zealand context. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 30(2), 145-164. Saunders, M. (1994). Strategic purchasing and supply chain management. London, Great Britain: Pitman Publishing. Schroeder, R. G. (2000). Operations Management: contemporary concepts and cases. Boston, USA: Irwin McGraw-Hill. Selin, S. (1999). Developing a typology of sustainable tourism partnerships. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7(3&4), 260-273. Shankar, G. (1994). Determinants of long-term orientation in buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 1-20. Sharma, B., & Gadenne, D. (2001). An investigation of the perceived importance and effectiveness of quality management approaches. Total Quality Management, 13(6), 433-445. Sharma, N., & Patterson, P. G. (1999). The impact of communication effectiveness and service quality on relationship commitment in consumer, professional services. The Journal Of Services Marketing, 13(2), 151-170. Spekman, R. E., Kamauff Jr, J. W., & Myhr, N. (1998). An empirical investigation into supply chain management. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 28(8), 630-650. Stamm, C. L., & Golhar, D. Y. (1991). Customer and supplier linkages for small JIT manufacturing firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 29(3), 42-47. Statistics New Zealand. (2001). Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved February 4, 2003, from the World Wide Web: http://www.stats.govt.nz/ Tan, K. C. (2002). Supply chain management: practices, concerns, and performance issues. The Journal of Supply Chain Management(Winter), 42-53. Taylor, D. (1997). The analysis of logistics and supply chain management cases. In D. Taylor (Ed.), Global cases in logistics and supply chain management (pp. 1- 18). London, UK: International Thomson Business Press. Thoburn, J. G., Arunachalam, S., & Gunasekaran, A. (2000). Tracing of information links empirically (TILE) in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Logistics Information Management, 13(4), 248-255. Thompson, M. (1996). Effective purchasing strategy: the untapped source of competitiveness. Supply Chain Management, 1(3), 6-8. Tulip, S. (2000). SMEs shun supply chain integration. Supply Management, 5(13), 10. Van Peursem, K. A., & Wells, P. K. (2000). Contracting practices in professional accounting SMEs: an analysis of New Zealand firms. International Small Business Journal, 19(1), 68-82. Voss, C., Tsikriktsis, N., & Frohlich, M. (2002). Case research in operations management. International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, 22(2), 195-219. Watts, C. A., Kim, K. Y., & Hahn, C. K. (1995). Linking purchasing to corporate competitive strategy. International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, 31(2), 2-9. Wilkof, M. V., Brown, D. W., & Selskey, J. W. (1995). When stories are different: the influence of corporate culture mismatches of interorganizational relations. Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 31(3), 373-388. Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: design and methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Zikmund, W. G. (2003). Business research methods (7th ed.). Ohio, USA: Thomson/South-Western. Zineldin, M., & Jonsson, P. (2000). An examination of the main factors affecting trust/commitment in supplier-dealer relationships: an empirical study of the Swedish wood industry. The TQM Magazine, 12(4), 245-266