24 research outputs found
Progress on lead-free metal halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications: a review
ABSTRACT: Metal halide perovskites have revolutionized the field of solution-processable photovoltaics. Within just a few years, the power conversion efficiencies of perovskite-based solar cells have been improved significantly to over 20%, which makes them now already comparably efficient to silicon-based photovoltaics. This breakthrough in solution-based photovoltaics, however, has the drawback that these high efficiencies can only be obtained with lead-based perovskites and this will arguably be a substantial hurdle for various applications of perovskite-based photovoltaics and their acceptance in society, even though the amounts of lead in the solar cells are low. This fact opened up a new research field on lead-free metal halide perovskites, which is currently remarkably vivid. We took this as incentive to review this emerging research field and discuss possible alternative elements to replace lead in metal halide perovskites and the properties of the corresponding perovskite materials based on recent theoretical and experimental studies. Up to now, tin-based perovskites turned out to be most promising in terms of power conversion efficiency; however, also the toxicity of these tin-based perovskites is argued. In the focus of the research community are other elements as well including germanium, copper, antimony, or bismuth, and the corresponding perovskite compounds are already showing promising properties. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text
The developmental trajectories of mathematics anxiety: Cognitive, personality, and environmental correlates
Co-development of math anxiety, math self-concept, and math value in adolescence: The roles of parents and math teachers
L’ipoestrogenismo postmenopausale determina un aumento della concentrazione dei neuropeptidi vasocostrittori ed una diminuzione dei neuropeptidi vasodilatatori nelle terminazioni nervose della parete delle arterie
Olanzapine therapy in anorexia nervosa: psychobiological effects
Dopamine impairments occur in anorexia nervosa. The aim
of this study was to see whether treatment with the atypical
dopamine antagonist antipsychotic olanzapine improves
the disorder. Thirty anorexics, 18 restricted and 12
bingeing–purging, underwent a 3-month course of
cognitive behavioral therapy, plus at random and doubleblinded
oral olanzapine (2.5mg for 1 month, 5mg for 2
months) in half and oral placebo in the other half of them.
BMI, psychopathological aspects (eating disorder
inventory, Hamilton Rating Scale, Buss–Durkee Rating
Scale, Yale Brown Cornell for Eating Disorders Rating
Scale, temperament–character inventory), and
homovanillic acid blood concentrations for dopamine
secretion, were monitored at baseline and then monthly
during the trial. At the end of the trial BMI, total eating
disorder inventory, total Yale Brown Cornell for Eating
Disorders Rating Scale, Buss–Durkee Rating Scale,
Hamilton Rating Scale scores and in olanzapine-treated
patients the subitems of eating disorder inventory
ineffectiveness and maturity fear, of Buss–Durkee Rating
Scale direct aggressiveness, of temperament–
characteristic inventory persistence had improved
significantly. When stratified for anorexia nervosa subtype,
BMI changes were significant among anorexia nervosa
bingeing-purging patient, ‘depression’ (Hamilton Rating
Scale) and ‘direct aggressiveness’ (Buss–Durkee RatingScale) among anorexia nervosa bingeing–purging patients,
‘persistence’ (temprerament–characteristic inventory),
among anorexics restricted patients, with a trend toward
significance for obsessivity–compulsivity (Yale Brown
Cornell for Eating Disorders Rating Scale). homovanilic
acid blood levels increased significantly in the cognitive
behavioral therapy + olanzapine group. No correlations
were observed between homovanilic acid concentrations
and psychopathological parameters. The pharmacological
treatment can significantly improve specific aspects of
anorexia nervosa
Olanzapine therapy in anorexia nervosa: psychobiological effects
Dopamine impairments occur in anorexia nervosa. The aim of this study was to see whether treatment with the atypical dopamine antagonist antipsychotic olanzapine improves the disorder. Thirty anorexics, 18 restricted and 12 bingeing-purging, underwent a 3-month course of cognitive behavioral therapy, plus at random and double-blinded oral olanzapine (2.5 mg for 1 month, 5 mg for 2 months) in half and oral placebo in the other half of them. BMI, psychopathological aspects (eating disorder inventory, Hamilton Rating Scale, Buss-Durkee Rating Scale, Yale Brown Cornell for Eating Disorders Rating Scale, temperament-character inventory), and homovanillic acid blood concentrations for dopamine secretion, were monitored at baseline and then monthly during the trial. At the end of the trial BMI, total eating disorder inventory, total Yale Brown Cornell for Eating Disorders Rating Scale, Buss-Durkee Rating Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale scores and in olanzapine-treated patients the subitems of eating disorder inventory ineffectiveness and maturity fear, of Buss-Durkee Rating Scale direct aggressiveness, of temperament-characteristic inventory persistence had improved significantly. When stratified for anorexia nervosa subtype, BMI changes were significant among anorexia nervosa bingeing-purging patient, 'depression' (Hamilton Rating Scale) and 'direct aggressiveness' (Buss-Durkee Rating Scale) among anorexia nervosa bingeing-purging patients, 'persistence' (temprerament-characteristic inventory), among anorexics restricted patients, with a trend toward significance for obsessivity-compulsivity (Yale Brown Cornell for Eating Disorders Rating Scale). homovanilic acid blood levels increased significantly in the cognitive behavioral therapy+olanzapine group. No correlations were observed between homovanilic acid concentrations and psychopathological parameters. The pharmacological treatment can significantly improve specific aspects of anorexia nervosa