A expressão da sexualidade durante a gravidez e o período pós-parto

El concepto madre, no se puede concebir como un hecho aislado en el tiempo, sin comprender las influencias que sobre la mujer han tenido los diferentes acontecimientos de la historia. Los cambios sociales, políticos y demográfico, han condicionado que la situación de la mujer evolucione hacia libertades, derechos, adquisición de nuevos roles, ocupación de puestos en la sociedad que hasta ahora sólo estaban reservados para el hombre. La nupcialidad, fecundidad y natalidad se han adaptado a las nuevas circunstancias políticas y sociales. La maternidad conlleva una responsabilidad gigantesca, implica grandes exigencias impuestas casi exclusivamente a la mujer desde lo social, que llegan a generar miedo. La labor de los profesionales sanitarios que participan en el cuidado y asesoramiento de la gestante y puérpera será ofrecerles una atención de forma integral, actitud de escucha y de apoyo sobre cuestiones relativas al comportamiento sexual que exige un tacto exquisito, así como integridad, tolerancia y comprensión. Muchas mujeres en este periodo solicitan ayuda del personal sanitario. Los profesionales dedicados al cuidado de la salud de la mujer, deberían incidir de forma clara, explícita y sistemática, al hacer los controles durante toda la gestación, en el ejercicio de la sexualidad como conducta saludable.The mother concept, cannot be conceived as a fact isolated in time, without understanding the influences on women have had different events of history. The social, political and demographic, changes have conditioned the situation of women to evolve towards freedoms, rights, acquisition of new roles, occupation of positions in society that until now were only reserved for men. The nuptiality, fertility and birth rates have adapted to the new political and social circumstances. Motherhood carries a huge responsibility, means large demands almost exclusively to women from social, arriving to generate fear. The work of the health professionals involved in the care and counselling of the pregnant woman and puerperal will be offer care in a comprehensive manner, attitude of listening and support on issues related to sexual behaviour that requires an exquisite touch, as well as integrity, tolerance and understanding. Many women in this period requested help from medical personnel. Professionals dedicated to the care of the health of women, should influence of clear, explicit and systematically, to controls during gestation, in the exercise of sexuality as healthy behavior.O conceito de mãe, não pode ser concebida como um fato isolado no tempo, sem entender as influências sobre as mulheres tiveram diferentes acontecimentos da história. As mudanças sociais, políticas e demográficas, têm condicionado a situação das mulheres a evoluir no sentido de liberdades, direitos, aquisição de novas funções, a ocupação de posições na sociedade que até agora eram apenas reservados para os homens. O nuptiality, fertilidade e as taxas de natalidade adaptaram-se às novas circunstâncias políticas e sociais. A maternidade tem uma enorme responsabilidade, significa grandes demandas quase que exclusivamente para as mulheres da social, chegando a gerar medo. O trabalho da saúde profissionais envolvidos no cuidado e aconselhamento da mulher grávida e puérpera será oferecer cuidados de uma forma abrangente, a atitude de escuta e apoio em questões relacionadas ao comportamento sexual que requer um toque requintado, bem como a integridade, a tolerância e a compreensão. Muitas mulheres neste período solicitaram ajuda do pessoal médico. Profissionais dedicados ao cuidado da saúde das mulheres, deve influenciar de clara, explícita e sistematicamente, a controles durante a gestação, no exercício da sexualidade como comportamento saudável

Women health providers: materials on cures, remedies and sexuality in inquisitorial processes (15th–18th century)

Background: The first inquisitorial trials were against Muslims and Jews. Later, they focused on women, especially caregivers. Progressively, they were linked to witchcraft and sorcery because of their great care, generational and empirical knowledge. The historiography of health in the 15th–18th centuries still has important bibliographical and interpretative gaps in the care provided by women. Objective: To analyse the care provided by healers as health providers, accused by the Inquisition, justifying the importance of nursing in the diversity of community care in the 15th–18th centuries. Method: A scoping review was conducted following the Dialectical Structural Model of Care (DSMC). A database search was conducted for the period 2013–2022. Bibliographic and legislative resources were used. Cases and convictions from Castilla la Nueva were found in the National Historical Archive and the Diocesan Archive of Cuenca. Results: The concepts of healer, witch and sorceress envolved during the study period. They reflect and reveal the collective imaginary of the social structure. They had healing laboratories, practised psychological and sexual care. They used to accompany their therapeutic action with prayers and amulets. They shared their professional activity with their main denouncers, doctors, apothecaries and priests. They were usually women in socially vulnerable situations, who did not conform to social stereotypes. Conclusions: They were predecessors of today’s nursing, they overcame socio-cultural difficulties, although they were condemned for it. Healers did not manage to regulate their profession, but they acted as agents of health in a society that demanded them while participating in the “witch-hunt”

UNA HERRAMIENTA PARA LA PROMOCIÓN DE LA SALUD EN LA TERCERA EDAD: TECNOLOGÍA DE LA COMUNICACIÓN E INFORMACIÓN (TIC)

EDITORIA

Nursing care in the Covid-19 pandemic in the spanish health system

La pandemia Covid-19 ha puesto de manifiesto una gran debilidad estructural del Sistema Nacional de Salud de España: la debilidad de la atención. Entre las profesiones de la salud, la disciplina que tiene el cuidado como esencia es la Enfermería. Una de las definiciones más consensuadas de cuidado es la de Colliere: “cuidar es un acto que representa una infinita variedad de actividades que tienden a sostener la vida, permitiéndole continuar y reproducirse. . . El ser humano siempre ha tenido esta necesidad como acto individual de persona autónoma y de reciprocidad, ya que la persona requiere ayuda para asumir sus necesidades vitales

The Art of Childbirth of the Midwives of Al-Andalus: Social Assessment and Legal Implication of Health Assistance in the Cultural Diversity of the 10th–14th Centuries

(1) Background: The role of Al-Andalus’s women were the result of Arabization and Islamization in Spain. The 10th to the 14th centuries were a time of significant cultural diversity in the region. Female physicians and midwives were important for providing care to women. Despite existing studies, there is still a lack of focused research on the professionalization of these trades, including their requirements, intervention areas, and treatments. (2) Methods: To address this gap, we conducted a scoping review using the dialectical structural model of care (DSMC). Primary medical and legislative sources were used. (3) Results: two kinds of midwife, or qābila, were discovered, along with a woman physician, or ṭabība, who also acted as a midwife. These professions underwent diverse training and fulfilled duties as obstetricians and pediatricians. Midwives were esteemed members of society and were the sole female professionals who needed qualified training. Their performance in the courts was exemplary. Tools for facilitating childbirth and interventions related to female health were discovered in the study. (4) Conclusions: The patriarchal societies suffer from significant inequality in terms of academic training, knowledge transmission, and healthcare provision. Midwives functioned in segregated domestic and legal spaces and were responsible for providing public care to communities from the 10th to 14th centuries.This work is financed by ENDOCU research group, through resolution 31 March 2023 UCLM aid for research projects co-financed by FEDER, reference 2023-GRIN-34481

Midwives in Health Sciences as a Sociocultural Phenomenon: Legislation, Training and Health (XV–XVIII Centuries)

Background and Objectives: The first inquisitorial processes were developed against Muslims and Jews. Then, they focused on women, especially those dedicated to care. Progressively, they were linked to witchcraft and sorcery due to their great assistance, generational and empirical knowledge. The health historiography of the 15th–18th centuries still has important bibliographic and interpretive gaps in the care provided by women. The main objective was to analyse the care provided by midwives in the legislative and socio-sanitary context of New Castile, in the inquisitorial Spain of the 15th–18th centuries. Materials and Methods: A historical review was conducted, following the Dialectical Structural Model of Care. Historical manuals, articles and databases were analysed. Results: The Catholic Monarchs established health profession regulations in 1477, including midwives. However, all legislations were annulled by Felipe II in 1576. These were not resumed until 1750. Midwives assumed a huge range of functions in their care commitment (teaching, care and religion) and were valued in opposing ways. However, many of them were persecuted and condemned by the Inquisition. They used to accompany therapeutic action with prayers and charms. Midwives were usually women in a social vulnerability situation, who did not comply with social stereotypes. Conclusions: Midwives, forerunners of current nursing and health sciences, overcame sociocultural difficulties, although they were condemned for it. Midwives achieved an accredited title, which was taken from them for two centuries. They acted as health agents in a society that demanded them while participating in a “witch hunt”

Men’s Positive and Negative Experiences Following Acute Myocardial Infarction

(1) Objective: To describe men’s experiences as acute myocardial infarction sufferers from a social phenomenological perspective, a year after the event (2) Methods: The phenomenological interview was used to capture the participants’ discourse. The data were analyzed according to the theoretical methodological approach of social phenomenology. (3) Results: The discourse analysis of the content produced the following categories, set out according reasons “why”: personal biography, knowledge set, warning signs prior to the illness, experience at the intensive care unit, and rehabilitation process; and reasons “for”: expectations as regards the illness, health professionals, and future social life and work prospects. (4) Conclusions: Participants had not established a healthy condition one year after myocardial infarction, perceiving a very thin line between life and death. Personal biography influences the coping of the disease. They feel like the illness helped them to create new meanings and value of life. They envisage a future full of great restrictions and uncertainty. The results of this study have underlined the need to involve care at all stages of the illness: the physical and emotional dependence upon admittance at the intensive care unit, the need to be cured, the constant demand for information about the illness, the difficulties encountered upon returning home, uncertainty about the future, etc. All these moments indicate that proper nursing care adapted to the specific needs of each individual and their family members must be provided in order to help them to overcome all the stages involved in this process. It is necessary to individualize care because the sense of reality is common and universal, but the ways of expressing are subjective, and it depended on the totality of experiences accumulated throughout life

A figura da ama de leite e a sua implicação no parentesco leiteiro na cultura islâmica: um quadro sociocultural e jurídico

Introducción: La lactancia materna a lo largo del tiempo ha reglado el modo de establecer relaciones, traspasando fronteras sociales y religiosas. La regulación jurídico-religiosa y médica de la lactancia andalusí, es un tema poco explorado a pesar de que actualmente continua en las sociedades islámicas. Objetivos: 1) Determinar la repercusión jurídico-religiosa de la lactancia en los siglos X-XV y su implicación para la sociedad musulmana actual; 2) Examinar las diferentes funciones de la nodriza andalusí; 3) Establecer la valoración social de la nodriza a través de su profesionalización. Metodología: Revisión histórica-narrativa. Se consultaron bases de datos y fuentes primarias. La selección documental siguió criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Desde el nacimiento, los textos sagrados regulan los derechos de madre, padre, nodriza y recién nacido. Se legislan parentescos que regularán de por vida a nodriza y lactante; el parentesco de leche se equipara al de consanguinidad. La nodriza asumió además funciones de crianza y educación. Tuvo un papel decisivo para asegurar la supervivencia del lactante, por lo que llegó a ser un oficio con gran repercusión socio-sanitaria. Conclusión: Existen variables prácticas del cuidado materno-infantil. Se han de tener en cuenta para cuidar desde un marco de competencia cultural integrador.Introduction: Breastfeeding throughout time has regulated the way of establishing relationships, crossing social and religious boundaries. The legal-religious and medical regulation of Andalusian breastfeeding is a subject that has been little explored, although it continues to this day in Islamic societies. Objectives: 1) To determine the legal-religious repercussion of breastfeeding in the 10th-15th centuries and its implications for Muslim society today; 2) To examine the different functions of the Andalusian wet nurse; 3) To establish the social valuation of the wet nurse through her professionalization. Methodology: Historical-narrative review. Databases and primary sources were consulted. Documentary selection followed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: From birth, sacred texts regulate the rights of mother, father, wet nurse and newborn. Kinships are legislated that will regulate for life the wet-nurse and the infant; the kinship of milk is equated to that of consanguinity. The wet nurse also assumed the functions of upbringing and education. This figure played a decisive role in ensuring the survival of the infant, which is why it became an occupation with great socio-health repercussions. Conclusion: There are practical variables of maternal and infant care that must be taken into account in order to provide culturally competent care.Introdução: A amamentação ao longo do tempo regulamentou a forma de estabelecer relações, atravessando fronteiras sociais e religiosas. A regulamentação jurídico-religiosa e médica da amamentação andaluza é um assunto pouco explorado, embora continue até hoje nas sociedades islâmicas. Objetivos: 1) Determinar a repercussão legal-religiosa da amamentação nos séculos X-XV e as suas implicações para a sociedade muçulmana de hoje; 2) Examinar as diferentes funções da ama de leite andaluza; 3) Estabelecer a valorização social da ama de leite através da sua profissionalização. Metodologia: Revisão histórico-narrativa. Foram consultadas bases de dados e fontes primárias. A seleção documental seguiu critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados: Desde o nascimento, os textos sagrados regulam os direitos da mãe, do pai, da ama de leite e do recém-nascido. A legislação regula as amas de leite e a criança considerando-as parentes para toda a vida; o paren-tesco do leite é equiparado ao da consanguinidade. A ama de leite também assumiu as funções de criação e educação. Esta figura desempenhou um papel decisivo na garantia da sobrevivência da criança, razão pela qual se tornou uma ocupação com grandes repercussões sócio-sanitárias. Conclusão: Existem variáveis práticas de cuidados maternais e infantis que devem ser tidas em conta a fim de proporcionar cuidados culturalmente competentes

Wet Nurse or Milk Bank? Evolution in the Model of Human Lactation: New Challenges for the Islamic Population

(1) Introduction: The establishment of milk banks in the Islamic world as well as donation to Islamic families in Western countries remains a challenge in the context of human lactation. Religious reservations established since the Qur’an and regulated at the legal–religious and medical level equate milk kinship with consanguinity, which prevents donation. The aim of the study was to analyse the evolution in the model of breastfeeding and care in Islamic society. (2) Methods: The methodology of comparative history was applied, following the structural–dialectical model of care. Historical manuals, articles and databases were analysed. (3) Results: Paediatric care in medical manuals from the 10th–15th centuries is similar to that practiced by the Muslim population today, some beneficial, some harmful; the wet nurse had to follow a series of dietary habits and have a series of physical, moral and educational characteristics in order to be hired. They constituted a beginning of pseudo-professionalisation, in a domestic–family framework. Human milk was used as a remedy for different health problems. (4) Conclusions: Islamic society and nursing have to evolve towards transnational care adapted to the needs of the population

Enfermeros entre el personal de los Hospitales de la Universidad de Coímbra, de 1779 a 1797: particularidades e implicaciones

Context: Resulting from the integration of small hospitals, the Coimbra University Hospitals were, at this time, an institution of significant size. At the end of the 18th century, during the Age of Enlightenment, hospitals were undergoing a process of transition to modernity. Objectives: To describe the staff of the Coimbra University Hospitals in the last decades of the 18th century and analyze the evolution of the existing professions and compare their salaries and positions, while focusing on nurses. Methodology: A historical analysis based on published sources, considering the contexts and long-lasting evolutionary lines while building an interpretative summary. Results: Four professional groups were found and divided into treatment of the body - nurses, physicians, and surgeons; treatment of the soul - chaplains and sexton; support services - assistants, helpers, cooks, laundry maid, washerwoman, despenseiro; and security services - doorkeepers, guards, and tronqueiro. Conclusion: It was possible to observe the presence of nurses during the transition between medieval continuity, with the continuance of bloodletting nurses and cook nurses, and the ascending differentiation of the delivery nurse and the descending differentiation of ward assistants.Contexto: Os Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra resultam da concentração de pequenos hospitais e são, nesta época, uma instituição de dimensões significativas. Nos finais do século XVIII, em pleno iluminismo, os hospitais vivenciaram um processo de transição para a modernidade. Objetivos: Descrever os funcionários que existiam nos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra nos finais do século XVIII. Analisar a evolução dos ofícios em presença e os seus posicionamentos relativos, com o foco nos enfermeiros. Metodologia: Análise histórica, partindo de fontes publicadas, considerando os contextos e as linhas evolutivas de longa duração, construindo uma síntese interpretativa. Resultados: Estamos em presença de quatro agrupamentos profissionais - cuidadores do corpo (enfermeiros, médicos e cirurgiões), cuidadores da alma (capelões e sacristãos), serviços de apoio (ajudantes, serventes, cozinheiros, roupeira, lavadeira, despenseiro), e Serviços de segurança (porteiros, guardas e tronqueiro). Conclusão: Verificou-se a presença de enfermeiros num processo de transição entre linhas de continuidade medieval, com enfermeiros-sangradores e enfermeiros-cozinheiros, e a diferenciação ascendente com enfermeira dos partos e descendente com ajudantes das enfermarias.Marco contextual: Los Hospitales de la Universidad de Coímbra son el resultado de la concentración de pequeños hospitales y son, en este momento, una institución de dimensiones significativas. A finales del siglo XVIII, en plena Ilustración, los hospitales experimentaron un proceso de transición a la modernidad. Objetivos: Describir al personal que existía en los Hospitales de la Universidad de Coímbra a finales del siglo XVIII. Analizar la evolución de los oficios en presencia y sus posicionamientos relativos, centrándose en los enfermeros. Metodología: Análisis histórico, a partir de fuentes publicadas, se consideraron los contextos y las líneas evolutivas de larga duración, y se construyó una síntesis interpretativa. Resultados: Se encontraron cuatro grupos profesionales, cuidadores del cuerpo (enfermeros, médicos y cirujanos), cuidadores del alma (capellanes y sacristanes), servicios de apoyo (ayudantes, sirvientes, cocineros, guardarropa, lavandera, mayordomo) y servicios de seguridad (porteros, guardias y tronqueiro – guardia del albergue). Conclusión: Se verificó la presencia de enfermeros en un proceso de transición entre líneas de continuidad medieval, con enfermeros-sangradores y enfermeros-cocineros, y la diferenciación ascendente con el enfermero de partos y descendiente con los ayudantes de enfermería