254 research outputs found

    « Retail brand equity: a conceptual and differentiated approach »

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    This research focuses on retail branding in France. A qualitative study aims at identifying which are the specific dimensions of brand equity to be adapted to retail brands and which feedback effects of brand extension can occur on the image of retailer when a retail brand (which is the extended brand) dissatisfies consumers. Results show that there are two policies of retail brands: service retail brands (store brands and “composite” private labels) and private labels. This separation between the various categories of retail brands leads to consider two different models of brand equity. Whereas private labels seem to be only related to product dimensions, service retail brand equity is composed of three dimensions related to: 1) the product, 2) the services delivered in the store, and 3) the retail company, which displays this product under its own store brand. Finally, results of an exploratory research seem to underscore the superiority of the service brand strategies on private label policy.France, brand equity, private label, retail brand, service brand, store brand, feedback effects.

    Plural Form and Franchise Chains Efficency: A Dea Meta-Frontier Approach applied to French Chains

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    This paper deals with the performance of franchise chains related to their percentage of company-owned outlets (PCO). This research uses a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to assess franchise chains’ efficiency, and a meta-frontier approach to analyze chains’ efficiency between and across sectors. The sample includes 43 chains of the service and retail sectors, located in the French market. Data are available over the 2005-2007 period allowing a longitudinal analysis. The main findings show that the meta-frontier is built up on retail chains rather than on service chains, and that there is a relationship between the PCO and the chain efficiency. Finally, there is no significant difference between the observed PCOs and the optimal PCOs which means that franchisors in our sample have already reached a PCO that is close to the PCO that optimizes the chain efficiency.Creation-Date: 2012-02Franchising, Plural Form, Percentage of company-owned outlets (PCO), Efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis, Meta Frontier

    Plural Form and Franchisors Performance : Early Empirical Findings From Europe

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    This paper deals with the relationships between plural form and performance in franchising networks in Europe. It is proposed that a franchisor's life cycle stage and human capital assets influence the relationship between plural form and performance. The model has been estimated using panel data on 41 publicly listed European franchising networks in the 1998-2007 period. The proportion of network-franchised units to the total number of its units in its distribution system is used as the indicator of its plural form (franchise proportion). Following an instrumental approach, the network performance is measured at the franchisor level by its industry-adjusted Return on Assets (ROA) and a relative stock market valuation measure of intangible human capital is used. The early results show that the impact of franchise proportion on performance is greater for franchisors with high intangible human capital compared to franchisors with low intangible human capital. Overall, results provide support for the contention that the franchisors' performance is contingent on the ‘fit' between governance structure (franchise proportion) and resources (critical human assets). In contrast, strong evidence that the governance/performance relationship is contingent on life cycle stage or franchisor's age is not found. But, our results suggest that franchisor's age could weaken the relationship between franchise proportion and performance. These results might suggest that younger franchisors with high human capital should increase their franchise proportion to enhance their financial performance.franchising; human capital; governance; performance

    El futuro de los hipermercados en España: ¿qué se puede aprender de la experiencia francesa?

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    La historia del hipermercado empezĂł hace mĂĄs de 40 años y se ha convertido en este tiempo en uno de los grandes protagonistas de la distribuciĂłn comercial moderna. El objetivo de este trabajo es explicar su desarrollo, con el fin de predecir futuras implantaciones en Francia, su lugar de origen, y de forma comparada en España, en donde el formato iniciĂł su actividad diez años despuĂ©s. Los resultados obtenidos establecen la validez del concepto «ciclo de vida» para explicar la evoluciĂłn del hipermercado en ambos contextos geogrĂĄficos, predicen un futuro incierto en Francia, y apuntan dificultades probables, a las que el formato tendrĂĄ que hacer frente, en el contexto españ[email protected]

    Architecture financiÚre des réseaux de franchise : apports de la théorie des ressources et de la théorie des contrats incomplets

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    This article aims to enrich the explanatory framework of franchise networks through integration of resource-based view and incomplete contracts theory. In this framework, we analyze franchising as the foundation for a financial architecture and two explanatory variables appear to be essential: the importance of « animate assets » in the network and the life cycle stage. Plural form allows the development of trust and cooperation, a specific governance implementation, and the emergence of information resources. If the resources' characteristics fit the governance system then the franchising network will be efficient.L'objectif de cet article est d'enrichir le cadre explicatif de la franchise en intégrant la théorie fondée sur les ressources et la théorie des contrats incomplets. Dans ce cadre, le recours à la franchise se conçoit comme le fondement d'une « architecture financiÚre » et deux variables explicatives apparaissent essentielles : l'importance des actifs incorporels « animés » dans le réseau et la phase du cycle de vie. Les réseaux mixtes permettent le développement de la confiance et de la coopération, la mise en place d'une gouvernance particuliÚre, et l'émergence d'une ressource informationnelle. La concordance entre les caractéristiques des ressources et le systÚme de gouvernance va déterminer la performance du réseau de franchise

    Architecture financiÚre des réseaux de franchise : apports de la théorie des ressources et de la théorie des contrats incomplets

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    L'objectif de cet article est d'enrichir le cadre explicatif de la franchise en intégrant la théorie fondée sur les ressources et la théorie des contrats incomplets. Dans ce cadre, le recours à la franchise se conçoit comme le fondement d'une « architecture financiÚre » et deux variables explicatives apparaissent essentielles : l'importance des actifs incorporels « animés » dans le réseau et la phase du cycle de vie. Les réseaux mixtes permettent le développement de la confiance et de la coopération, la mise en place d'une gouvernance particuliÚre, et l'émergence d'une ressource informationnelle. La concordance entre les caractéristiques des ressources et le systÚme de gouvernance va déterminer la performance du réseau de franchise.franchise; théorie des droits de propriété; théorie fondée sur les ressources; gouvernance; performance

    Governance and strategy of entrepreneurial networks: an introduction

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    This special issue focuses on empirical and theoretical papers that help us to better understand the strategy and governance of entrepreneurial networks, such as franchise chains, alliances, and cooperative networks. The following central themes are covered: (I) Which formal governance mechanisms do entrepreneurial networks use in order to reduce transaction cost/agency cost and to increase strategic value? (II) What is the role of relational governance mechanisms (such as information exchange and social ties) for the performance outcomes in franchise chains and cooperatives? (III) Which alliance strategies do entrepreneurial firms pursue to realize a competitive advantage, and what is the impact of resources and capabilities on performance outcomes of entrepreneurial firms. To address these issues, insights from organizational economics (transaction cost theory, agency theory, signaling theory), strategic management perspectives (resource-based, knowledge-based and organizational capabilities theory), entrepreneurship theory and the relational governance view are used

    Digulleville – Jardeheu

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    Date de l'opĂ©ration : 2007 (SD) Inventeur(s) : Vilgrain-Bazin GĂ©rard (BEN) ; Cliquet Dominique (SRA) ; Lautridou Jean-Pierre (CNRS) ; Coutard Jean-Pierre (INRAP) Le site de Digulleville se trouve sur l’actuel littoral de la Hague (Manche) et a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© en 2001 par l’enfouissement de rĂ©seaux (voir BSR 2001). L’implantation anthropique (en cours de fouille et d’étude) se dĂ©veloppe sur le littoral en pied d’un escarpement rocheux qui structure l’espace domestique. À Jardeheu, les PalĂ©olithiqu..

    Nouvelles donnĂ©es sur le site majeur d’Écalgrain : datations radiomĂ©triques et occupations humaines de la Pointe de la Hague (Cotentin, Normandie)

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    Il y a Ă  la Pointe de la Hague deux principaux niveaux de plages perchĂ©es reposant sur deux plates-formes d’abrasion marine : la plage infĂ©rieure de 4 Ă  6 m NGF et la plage supĂ©rieure entre 12 et 18 m. Ces palĂ©oplages sont recouvertes par des heads pĂ©riglaciaires (dĂ©pĂŽts de gĂ©lifluxion) et par des loess. La plage infĂ©rieure date le plus souvent de l’Eemien et ses dĂ©pĂŽts de couverture du Weichselien. La plage supĂ©rieure correspond Ă  l’optimum du stade isotopique 7. Cependant, dans la baie d’Ecalgrain, l’ñge de la basse plage est discutĂ©. Les formations de couverture sont complexes, avec deux sĂ©quences head-loess sĂ©parĂ©es par un sol brun lessivĂ© interglaciaire. La tourbe et les argiles grises au-dessus de la palĂ©oplage (5 m NGF), sous les heads, contiennent une flore et des colĂ©optĂšres tĂ©moignant d’un lent retrait de la mer Ă  la fin d’un interglaciaire et au dĂ©but d’une pĂ©riode froide. Les datations absolues (IRSL) sont en accord avec la stratigraphie. La palĂ©oplage, constituĂ©e de graviers surmontĂ©s de sables rouges, est attribuĂ©e Ă  la fin du stade isotopique 7 (190 ka), la sĂ©quence infĂ©rieure au Saalien (140 ka, pour le loess ; stade 6), le palĂ©osol au sommet Ă  l’Eemien (sol brun lessivĂ©), et la sĂ©quence supĂ©rieure (head-loess) au Weichselien. La base de la sĂ©quence a livrĂ© en deux secteurs distincts, au moins deux ensembles lithiques, le premier associĂ© Ă  la partie sommitale d’une plage de galets, dans la partie sud de la baie, le second, incorporĂ© Ă  des sables rouges, localement indurĂ©s et recouvrant une plage de galets, dans sa partie centre-sud, un peu plus au nord. Dans les deux assemblages, seul le silex est mis en oeuvre. Le premier ensemble se rapporte Ă  la fin du dernier interglaciaire et / ou au dĂ©but du dernier glaciaire, se dĂ©finit par une production d’éclats et d’enlĂšvements laminaires obtenus soit par dĂ©bitage direct, soit par la mĂ©thode Levallois, soit enfin, pour les lames, par une « gestion volumĂ©trique ». Le second, rapportĂ© au Saalien, se caractĂ©rise par un dĂ©bitage orientĂ© vers la production d’éclats et de pointes, obtenus soit par dĂ©bitage direct soit par la mĂ©thode Levallois. Ces deux sĂ©ries s’inscrivent dans la variabilitĂ© du PalĂ©olithique moyen cotentinois et par extension de France septentrionale.There are in The Hague peninsula two main levels of raised beaches associated with two marine platforms: the lower beach from 4 to 6 m OD and the upper beach (12-18 m OD). They are covered by periglacial heads (gelifluxion) and loess. The lower beach is mainly eemian and the cover of head and loess weichselian. The upper beach corresponds to the optimum of the MIS 7. However in the Ecalgrain bay the age of the lower beach (5 m OD) is discussed. The cover deposits are complex, with two sequences head-loess separated by an interglacial soil. The peat and humic silt above the beach, below the main sequences head-loess, contains flora and coleoptera witch indicate a slow sea regression at the end of an interglacial and at the beginning of a cold period. The absolute datings (IRSL) are in agreement with the stratigraphy. So the paleo beach is situated at the end of the MIS 7 (marine regression; 190 Ky) and the lower head and loess correspond to the Saalian (MIS 6; 140 Ky for the loess) with a remnant of an eemian forest paleosol, and the upper head and loess are weichselian. Two lithic assemblages have been found below the heads: in the raised beach, the first at the top of the lower unit (sand and gravels), is located in the southern part of the bay; the second, associated to the upper unit (reddish sands), is located between this site and the section 2. There are flints only in the two assemblages. The first dated to the end of the last interglacial and/or during the beginning of the last glacial period, is characterized by flake production and blade removal obtained either by direct debitage, the Levallois method, or for the blades, by core-volume organization. The second, (Saalian) seems oriented towards the production of flakes and points, obtained either by direct debitage or by the Levallois method. These two series correspond to the variability of the Cotentin Middle Palaeolithic, and by extension, to that of northern France

    Les occupations du PalĂ©olithique moyen et supĂ©rieur d’Épouville (Pays de Caux) en contexte loessique

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    Le site archĂ©ologique d’Epouville (vallĂ©e de la LĂ©zarde) se situe sur un grand glacis dominĂ© par un versant en pente forte. La stratigraphie des loess weichseliens est pratiquement semblable Ă  celle des plateaux avoisinants (Saint-Romain, Goderville) mais les processus pĂ©riglaciaires de versant ont Ă©tĂ© ici plus nombreux et plus actifs. Les industries sont localisĂ©es dans le « limon grumeleux » placĂ© juste au dessus du Sol de Mesnil-Esnard (gley sur la premiĂšre partie du loess rĂ©cent infĂ©rieur carbonatĂ©). Cette lame boueuse a Ă©talĂ© l’industrie du PalĂ©olithique moyen. Juste aprĂšs sa mise en place, les Hommes du PalĂ©olithique supĂ©rieur se sont installĂ©s. Puis, avant la poursuite de la sĂ©dimentation Ă©olienne du loess rĂ©cent infĂ©rieur, de petits lobes de solifluxion ont dĂ©placĂ© cette derniĂšre industrie de façon trĂšs limitĂ©e. L’ñge de l’industrie du PalĂ©olithique moyen n’est pas dĂ©fini prĂ©cisĂ©ment (du stade isotopique 6 au Weichselien ancien inclus), l’industrie du PalĂ©olithique supĂ©rieur se place vers 26 ka. L’occupation du PalĂ©olithique moyen (sĂ©rie grise) correspond Ă  un site d’habitat oĂč les Hommes ont taillĂ© le silex afin d’obtenir, d’une part des Ă©clats allongĂ©s, d’autre part des Ă©clats plus larges. Le dĂ©bitage Levallois est majoritaire, le dĂ©bitage semi-tournant est reprĂ©sentĂ©. L’outillage est composĂ© d’éclats retouchĂ©s (grattoirs, racloirs) et de bifaces. L’interprĂ©tation culturelle de cette sĂ©rie est double : soit une industrie homogĂšne du MoustĂ©rien de tradition acheulĂ©enne de type B, soit le mĂ©lange d’un niveau moustĂ©rien avec un niveau micoquien. La sĂ©rie vert-marron du PalĂ©olithique supĂ©rieur ancien semble quant Ă  elle correspondre Ă  un atelier de dĂ©bitage. Les Hommes ont taillĂ© de grandes lames Ă©lancĂ©es, unipolaires, Ă  l’aide de percuteurs tendres. Lorsque les nuclĂ©us ne le permettaient plus, les tailleurs ont dĂ©tachĂ© opportunĂ©ment des lames plus courtes, moins rĂ©guliĂšres, au percuteur dur. L’absence d’outils retouchĂ©s diagnostics rend l’interprĂ©tation culturelle malaisĂ©e mĂȘme si plusieurs indices favoriseraient une attribution Ă  l’Aurignacien. D’aprĂšs le scĂ©nario gĂ©ologique proposĂ© et en reprenant la rĂ©partition spatiale des vestiges, il est possible de reconstituer la position initiale de chaque occupation : l’habitat des Hommes du PalĂ©olithique moyen devait se trouver en position de knick-point entre le glacis et le versant Ă  pente forte et a subi trois vagues de remaniements. L’atelier des Hommes du PalĂ©olithique supĂ©rieur ancien se trouvait plus en aval sur le versant et n’a connu qu’un dĂ©placement d’ampleur limitĂ©e.The loessic archaeological site of Epouville (Lezarde valley) is located on a great glacis at the base of a steep slope. The stratigraphy of the younger loess is identical to that of the surrounding plateaux (Saint-Romain, Goderville) but the slope periglacial processes have been more numerous and more active. The industries are located in the “limon grumeleux” (granular loam) which covers the Mesnil-Esnard soil (gleyification of the first part of the Lower Younger loess). This mud sheet reworked the Middle Palaeolithic industry. Soon after, Upper Palaeolithic Men settled here for a while. Artifacts were slightly disturbed by small gelifluxion lobes, before the loess sedimentation began again (Lower Younger loess, second part). The Middle Palaelothic industry cannot be dated with precision (between the end of the MIS 6 and the end of the Early Weichselian). The Upper Palaeolithic industry is situated around 26 Ky. The Middle Paleolithic occupation (grey series) corresponds to a habitat site where flint was knapped in order to obtain, on one hand, long flakes, and on the other hand, wider flakes. Levallois debitage dominates, semi-rotating debitage is represented. The tool assemblage is composed of retouched flakes (end and side scrapers) and bifaces. There is a dual cultural interpretation of this series: it is either a homogenous B type MTA industry, or it is a mixture of a Mousterian level with a Micoquian level. The green-chestnut Early Upper Palaeolithic series, however, seems to correspond to a debitage workshop. Large, long, unipolar blades were produced with soft hammer percussion. When the cores could no longer yield these, opportunistically shorter, less regular blades were detached, using hard hammer percussion. The absence of retouched diagnostic tools impedes cultural interpretation, even if several indicators point to an Aurignacian attribution. According to the geological scenario put forward, and considering the spatial distribution of the remains, we can reconstitute the initial position of each occupation: the habitat of Middle Palaeolithic man must have been in a knick-point position between the glacis and the steep slope, and experienced three phases of disturbance. The Upper Palaeolithic workshop was situated further down the slope and thus only experienced limited displacement
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