1,013 research outputs found

    Une étude de cas avec le cadre théorique de la TACD

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    International audienceMots-clĂ©s : TACD, contrat et milieux, action conjointe, reprĂ©sentations, rĂšgles stratĂ©giques et rĂšgles dĂ©finitoires, jeux Ă©pistĂ©miques et jeux d'apprentissage (9 mots) RĂ©sumĂ© : Cette contribution, Ă  l'aide des Ă©lĂ©ments thĂ©oriques de contrat et milieux, tente de dĂ©finir l'action d'un Ă©lĂšve hors-jeu et d'un professeur dans un jeu d'apprentissage. A partir de ce modĂšle, nous montrons l'absence de reprĂ©sentations partagĂ©es et Ă©tablissons l'arriĂšre-plan nĂ©cessaire Ă  la comprĂ©hension des extraits analysĂ©s. PrĂ©sentation Le prĂ©sent article retrace certains Ă©lĂ©ments d'un travail en cours issu de la recherche ACE, (ArithmĂ©tique ComprĂ©hension Ă  l'École ÉlĂ©mentaire) 2 expĂ©rimentĂ©e au cours prĂ©paratoire, dont l'objet d'Ă©tude concerne la construction du nombre. Dans la progression ACE, l'apprentissage et l'enseignement des connaissances prĂ©vues par le programme sont conçus Ă  partir de situations rĂ©pĂ©titives et Ă©volutives rĂ©parties en modules. Celles-ci visent tout d'abord une mise en action des connaissances « anciennes » ou « personnelles » comme base Ă  l'Ă©laboration de savoirs nouveaux. Ainsi, « le jeu des annonces » est une situation de « rĂ©fĂ©rence » du premier trimestre. DĂ©crivons-le. Le « jeu des annonces » se joue par Ă©quipe de 4 ou 5 Ă©lĂšves. Il y a un Ă©lĂšve-arbitre et des Ă©lĂšves-annonceurs. Les Ă©lĂšves-annonceurs font une annonce individuelle, c'est-Ă -dire qu'ils font le choix oralement d'un nombre-tout. Ensuite, ils matĂ©rialisent le nombre-tout Ă  l'aide des deux mains posĂ©es sur la table. Par exemple, ils « montrent » trois doigts sur la main gauche, et un doigt sur la main droite, ce qui matĂ©rialisent le nombre « quatre ». L'Ă©lĂšve-arbitre lance le dĂ©. Les Ă©lĂšves gagnent un pion si et seulement si le lancer est Ă©gal au nombre-tout demandĂ©. Un nombre-tout peut ĂȘtre « matĂ©rialisé» diffĂ©remment (par exemple, le nombre-tout quatre peut ĂȘtre matĂ©rialisĂ© sous la forme trois doigts et un doigt, ou sous la forme deux doigts et deux doigts, ou sous la forme 0 doigt et quatre doigts). Pour cette entrĂ©e dans le nombre, les Ă©lĂšves utilisent un matĂ©riel toujours disponible et rapidement accessible, les doigts et les mains. Ce matĂ©riel « mathĂ©matique » reprĂ©sente diffĂ©rentes dĂ©signations d'un nombre. Il s'agit d'apprendre Ă  calculer non pas sur les doigts mais avec les doigts. L'objectif visĂ© est la mĂ©morisation de patterns digitaux et d'unitĂ©s arithmĂ©tiques du type 6, c'est 4 et encore 2 ou 4 + 2 mais encore 5 plus 1. Le jeu se joue avec les doigts et un dĂ©. Le champs numĂ©rique est volontairement restreint aux possibilitĂ©s du dĂ© traditionnel Ă  six faces avec les constellations de points. Ceci a pour but une Ă©tude approfondie des « petits nombres ». La progression pose comme essentiel de crĂ©er une « habitude de classe » de dĂ©signations plurielles de ces « petits nombres » Ă  un chiffre. Un des enjeux est l'Ă©laboration d'une rĂ©fĂ©rence sur laquelle «s' appuyer » pour l'Ă©tude du systĂšme dĂ©cimal. Ces nombres sont Ă  la base de l'Ă©criture et de la formation des autres nombres du systĂšme numĂ©rique. Mais les reprĂ©sentations du nombre construites en situation par les Ă©lĂšves doivent ĂȘtre suffisamment « solides » pour subir et « accepter » les modifications mathĂ©matiques comme l'ajout ou le retrait. 1 ThĂ©orie d'Action Conjointe en Didactique. 2 Cette recherche regroupe plusieurs Ă©quipes issues de quatre acadĂ©mies diffĂ©rentes. : Lille, Nancy,, Versailles et Rennes en collaboration avec Marseille

    La diffĂ©renciation spatiale de l’aide sociale aux États-Unis : regard politique et institutionnel sur les annĂ©es rĂ©publicaines (1980-1992)

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    L’objet de cet article est de saisir l’impact des initiatives des deux derniĂšres prĂ©sidences rĂ©publicaines aux États-Unis sur l’évolution des variations interĂ©tatiques du niveau de couverture du programme d’aide sociale AFDC. La fragmentation de la gestion et du financement de ce programme occasionne des disparitĂ©s importantes entre les Ă©tats. L’environnement politique qui conditionne ces variations est mis en Ă©vidence ainsi que la valeur relative de la dĂ©centralisation annoncĂ©e avec le Nouveau FĂ©dĂ©ralisme. Il ressort que l’existence des variations interĂ©tatiques peut statistiquement ĂȘtre reliĂ©e Ă  la variable culture politique. L’appartenance Ă  une culture politique induit des comportements diffĂ©renciĂ©s comme en tĂ©moigne l’évolution contrastĂ©e des niveaux de couverture de l’aide sociale dans les divers Ă©tats. Toutefois, aucun accroissement des variations interĂ©tatiques entre les cultures politiques n’a pu ĂȘtre observĂ©. Il y a inertie sur le plan de la diffĂ©renciation spatiale de l’aide sociale entre 1980 et 1992, et ce, en dĂ©pit du Nouveau FĂ©dĂ©ralisme rĂ©publicain.This article attempts to understand the impact of the last two Republican presidencies on the evolution of the variations in the level of AFDC welfare benefits between American states. The fragmentation of the program's management and financing has resulted in significant disparities between states. This study focuses on the impact that the political environment has on these variations and on the relative importance of the decentralization announced as the New Federalism. Apparently, the existence of interstate variations can be statistically linked to political culture. Membership in a particular culture can induce different behavior as illustrated by the evolution of welfare benefits in various states. However, we did not observe an increase in the level of interstate variations between political cultures. There is an inertia governing the spatial differentiation of welfare benefits from 1980 to 1992, and this despite the Republican's New Federalism

    Molecular and evolutionary characteristics of the fraction of human alpha satellite DNA associated with CENP-A at the centromeres of chromosomes 1, 5, 19, and 21

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The mode of evolution of the highly homogeneous Higher-Order-Repeat-containing alpha satellite arrays is still subject to discussion. This is also true of the CENP-A associated repeats where the centromere is formed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this paper, we show that the molecular mechanisms by which these arrays evolve are identical in multiple chromosomes: i) accumulation of crossovers that homogenise and expand the arrays into different domains and subdomains that are mostly unshared between homologues and ii) sporadic mutations and conversion events that simultaneously differentiate them from one another. Individual arrays are affected by these mechanisms to different extents that presumably increase with time. Repeats associated with CENP-A, where the centromere is formed, are subjected to the same evolutionary mechanisms, but constitute minor subsets that exhibit subtle sequence differences from those of the bulk repeats. While the DNA sequence <it>per se </it>is not essential for centromere localisation along an array, it appears that certain sequences can be selected against. On chromosomes 1 and 19, which are more affected by the above evolutionary mechanisms than are chromosomes 21 and 5, CENP-A associated repeats were also recovered from a second homogeneous array present on each chromosome. This could be a way for chromosomes to sustain mitosis and meiosis when the normal centromere locus is ineluctably undermined by the above mechanisms.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We discuss, in light of these observations, possible scenarios for the normal evolutionary fates of human centromeric regions.</p

    Appeal No. 0393: Worthington Oil Co., Inc. v. J. Michael Biddison, Chief, Division of Oil and Gas

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    Chief\u27s Order 90-2

    Agrin mediates a rapid switch from electrical coupling to chemical neurotransmission during synaptogenesis

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    In contrast to its well-established actions as an organizer of synaptic differentiation at the neuromuscular junction, the proteoglycan agrin is still in search of a function in the nervous system. Here, we report an entirely unanticipated role for agrin in the dual modulation of electrical and chemical intercellular communication that occurs during the critical period of synapse formation. When applied at the developing splanchnic nerve–chromaffin cell cholinergic synapse in rat adrenal acute slices, agrin rapidly modified cell-to-cell communication mechanisms. Specifically, it led to decreased gap junction–mediated electrical coupling that preceded an increase in nicotinic synaptic transmission. This developmental switch from predominantly electrical to chemical communication was fully operational within one hour and depended on the activation of Src family–related tyrosine kinases. Hence, agrin may play a pivotal role in synaptogenesis in promoting a rapid switch between electrical coupling and synaptic neurotransmission

    Isolation and characterization of novel glycoproteins from fish epidermal mucus: correlation between their pore-forming properties and their antibacterial activities

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    AbstractIn fish, a layer of mucus covers the external body surface contributing therefore, among other important biological functions, to the defense system of fish. The prevention of colonization by aquatic parasites, bacteria and fungi is mediated both by immune system compounds (IgM, lysozyme, etc.) and by antibacterial peptides and polypeptides. We have recently shown that only the hydrophobic components of crude epidermal mucus of fresh water and sea water fish exhibit strong pore-forming properties, which were well correlated with antibacterial activity [N. Ebran, S. Julien, N. Orange, P. Saglio, C. Lemaitre, G. Molle, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 122 (1999)]. Here, we have isolated novel glycosylated proteins from the hydrophobic supernatant of tench (Tinca tinca), eel (Anguilla anguilla) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) mucus. The study of their secondary structure was performed by circular dichroism and revealed structures in random coil and α-helix in the same proportions. When reconstituted in planar lipid bilayer, they induced the formation of ion channels. This pore-forming activity was well correlated with a strong antibacterial activity (minimal inhibitory concentration<1 ΌM for the three proteins) against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Our results suggest that fish secrete antibacterial glycoproteins able to kill bacteria by forming large pores (several hundreds to thousands of pS) in the target membrane

    Regulations concerning natural swimming ponds in Europe: considerations on public health issues

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    Natural swimming ponds (NSPs) are a new type of recreational water facility characterized by the substitution of traditional disinfection with biodepuration. While this feature meets esthetic desires of users, specific concerns on public health issues have been raised by the scientific community and local authorities. The absence of a European directive applicable to these environments leaves each country without specific and harmonized indications. The present work describes the local/national policy situation, describing adopted parameters and monitoring activities. All documents underline the need for appropriate microbiological analysis and correct water management
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