Compensation of x-ray mirror distortion by cooling temperature control

Synchrotron radiation is emitted from a bending magnet source in a wide ray fan which is collected by the first optical element in a beamline. In order to maximize angular acceptance, and hence flux, it is beneficial to increase the length of this mirror and optical design requirements may necessitate that the optical surface be over 1 m in length. Such mirrors also require cooling as they may be subject to high heat loads from the incident radiation. Two beamlines, B07 and B24, at Diamond Light Source, UK, use 1.4 m long toroidal mirrors which utilize a similar side-clamped cooling manifold design. While this scheme has been successful in providing effective cooling of the mirror, it has also been discovered that it introduces deformation of the radius of curvature which is sufficient to alter the focusing characteristics of the mirror. At both beamlines, the horizontal focus of the beam was found to differ by up to several meter from the design position at the exit slit which resulted in poor flux throughput, reduced energy resolution and other side effects. A pencil beam scan method has been used to diagnose this issue and infer the position of the focus and mirror shape. Through the use of a standalone chiller to alter the temperature of the water within the cooling loop, it has been possible to correct the distortion of the radius and restore the focus to its nominal position

p53 and p16 expression profiles in vulvar cancer:a translational analysis by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie Chemo and Radiotherapy in Epithelial Vulvar Cancer study group

Background: There are 2 known pathways for tumorigenesis of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma—a human papillomavirus–dependent pathway characterized by p16 overexpression and a human papillomavirus–independent pathway linked to lichen sclerosus, characterized by TP53 mutation. A correlation of human papillomavirus dependency with a favorable prognosis has been proposed. Objective: The objective of the study was to further understand the role of human papillomavirus and p53 status in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and characterize its clinical relevance. Study Design: The Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynaecological Oncology Chemo and Radiotherapy in Epithelial Vulvar Cancer-1 study is a retrospective cohort study of 1618 patients with primary vulvar squamous cell carcinoma Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique stage ≥1B treated at 29 gynecologic cancer centers in Germany between 1998 and 2008. For this translational substudy, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue was collected. A tissue microarray was constructed (n=652 samples); p16 and p53 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Human papillomavirus status and subtype were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Results: p16 immunohistochemistry was positive in 166 of 550 tumors (30.2%); p53 staining in 187 of 597 tumors (31.3%). Only tumors with available information regarding p16 and p53 immunohistochemistry and without p53 silent expression pattern were further analyzed (n=411); 3 groups were defined: p53+ (n=163), p16+/p53− (n=132), and p16−/p53− (n=116). Human papillomavirus DNA was detected in 85.6% of p16+/p53− tumors; human papillomavirus-16 was the most common subtype (86.3%). Patients with p16+ tumors were younger (64 vs 72 years for p53+, respectively, 69 years for p16−/p53− tumors; P<.0001) and showed lower rates of lymph-node involvement (28.0% vs 42.3% for p53+, respectively, 30.2% for p16−/p53− tumors; P=.050). Notably, 2-year-disease-free and overall survival rates were significantly different among the groups: disease-free survival, 47.1% (p53+), 60.2% (p16−/p53−), and 63.9% (p16+/p53−) (P<.001); overall survival, 70.4% (p53+), 75.4% (p16−/p53−), and 82.5% (p16+/p53−) (P=.002). In multivariate analysis, the p16+/p53− phenotype showed a consistently improved prognosis compared with the other groups (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.44–0.99; P=.042). Conclusion: p16 overexpression is associated with an improved prognosis whereas p53 positivity is linked to an adverse outcome. Our data support the hypothesis of a clinically relevant third subgroup of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma with a p53−/p16− phenotype showing an intermediate prognosis that needs to be further characterized

Las referencias bibliográficas sobre 'nursing diagnosis' en Medline (1994-2000)

Para conocer las características bibliométricas y metodológicas de los documentos sobre diagnósticos de enfermería indexados en la base Medline entre 1994 y 2000, se realizó un estudio en la Unidad de Salud Pública (Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería, Universitat de Barcelona) y en el Instituto Catalán de la Salud (Generalitat de Catalunya). Se empleó un diseño observacional, descriptivo y transversal. El material estudiado corresponde a 204 referencias bibliográficas (RB) que contenían los términos «nursing diagnosis» en el título e identificadas en la base Medline (1994-2000). Se concluye que la mayor parte de las RB estudiadas corresponde a artículos de tipo teórico; sus autores son del ámbito académico y desarrollan su actividad en el mundo anglosajón. Destaca el hecho de que en las RB estudiadas no constan algunas de las variables que se pretendían analizar en el presente estudio: filiación de los autores, lugar donde se realiza el estudio, número de sujetos estudiados, etcétera

Terraced Vineyards in Europe: The Historical Persistence of Highly Specialised Regions

This contribution analyses the spread, origin and evolution of the most important European terraced viticulture complexes. Found in Mediterranean, Atlantic and continental areas, the terraces dedicated to viticulture owe their localisation to recurring geographical\u2013environmental and historical movements in the different regions. Proximity to market outlets and to waterways were the key elements in their origins and distribution. The reasons behind the construction of the great viticulture terraced areas then guided the evolution of their twentieth-century history. In terms of the elements involved, the most influential inherited factors appear to be strong land fragmentation and the early entry into favourable commercial circuits

Las referencias bibliográficas sobre 'nursing diagnosis' en Medline (1994-2000)

Para conocer las características bibliométricas y metodológicas de los documentos sobre diagnósticos de enfermería indexados en la base Medline entre 1994 y 2000, se realizó un estudio en la Unidad de Salud Pública (Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería, Universitat de Barcelona) y en el Instituto Catalán de la Salud (Generalitat de Catalunya). Se empleó un diseño observacional, descriptivo y transversal. El material estudiado corresponde a 204 referencias bibliográficas (RB) que contenían los términos «nursing diagnosis» en el título e identificadas en la base Medline (1994-2000). Se concluye que la mayor parte de las RB estudiadas corresponde a artículos de tipo teórico; sus autores son del ámbito académico y desarrollan su actividad en el mundo anglosajón. Destaca el hecho de que en las RB estudiadas no constan algunas de las variables que se pretendían analizar en el presente estudio: filiación de los autores, lugar donde se realiza el estudio, número de sujetos estudiados, etcétera

Multi-ancestry genetic study of type 2 diabetes highlights the power of diverse populations for discovery and translation

We assembled an ancestrally diverse collection of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in 180,834 affected individuals and 1,159,055 controls (48.9% non-European descent) through the Diabetes Meta-Analysis of Trans-Ethnic association studies (DIAMANTE) Consortium. Multi-ancestry GWAS meta-analysis identified 237 loci attaining stringent genome-wide significance (P &lt; 5 × 10), which were delineated to 338 distinct association signals. Fine-mapping of these signals was enhanced by the increased sample size and expanded population diversity of the multi-ancestry meta-analysis, which localized 54.4% of T2D associations to a single variant with &gt;50% posterior probability. This improved fine-mapping enabled systematic assessment of candidate causal genes and molecular mechanisms through which T2D associations are mediated, laying the foundations for functional investigations. Multi-ancestry genetic risk scores enhanced transferability of T2D prediction across diverse populations. Our study provides a step toward more effective clinical translation of T2D GWAS to improve global health for all, irrespective of genetic background