Why do we comply with law?: an exploration of the apparaisal foundations of normative behavior

El presente artículo estudia dos características de todo sistema normativo, legitimidad y eficacia, así como su percepción a través de distintas culturas. Hemos confirmado empíricamente la importancia de la legitimidad en la valoración de las normas, pero también hemos hallado interesantes diferencias entre las valoraciones de eficacia según la cultura y el género sexualThis paper examines two features of the whole normative system –rightfulness and efficiency– and how it is perceived in different cultures. The importance of rightfulness is proved vis-á-vis the appraisal of norms. Interesting differences were also found between appraisals of efficiency depending on the culture and on the gende

El estudio psicológico del orden social : una elaboración experimental a partir del estudio de la conformidad en Asch y Sherif

Fac. de PsicologíaTRUEProQuestpu

Basic emotions do not reliably co-occur with predicted facial expressions: reply to Witkower et al. (2023)

A core assumption of Basic Emotion Theory is that the conscious experience of a basic emotion co-occurs with a facial expression signal of that same emotion. Our analysis of available evidence found co-occurrence in only 13% of cases – thus calling into question basic and applied studies in which the emotion is inferred from the face. Our 2nd analysis counted as a co-occurrence even when only part of the facial signal was observed. Co-occurrence was found in only 23% of cases. Witkower et al’s rebuttal failed to undermine these important findings. They claimed that similar degrees of correlation are found in other areas of psychology, but they confuse co-occurrence of two intrinsic manifestations of the same event (expression and experience of emotion) with the correlation between one potential causal antecedent and an observed event (e.g., effects of meditation on anxiety). Our results stand as a major challenge to Basic Emotion TheoryThis research was funded by the Spanish Government’s grant PSI2017-88776-

Are smiles a sign of happiness?: spontaneous expressions of judo winners

Which is the strongest predictor of Duchenne smiles? Is it emotion or sociality? Two field studies on the production of facial behavior by winning judo fighters (N = 174) are presented, testing if judo fighters smiled while being happy or while they were engaged in social interaction with the audience. Our studies simultaneously meet important methodological requirements: intense emotions; precise moment-to-moment coding of facial expressions; behavioral records long enough to allow smiles to unfold; discrimination between records of interactive and non-interactive behavior, and self-reports of emotional experience after winning a medal. We found that Duchenne smiles were not a necessary sign of happiness. Although all the judo fighters won their respective matches, they displayed a very low proportion of Duchenne smiles (.15 in Study 1, and .21 in Study 2). Being engaged in social interaction (communicative gestures with arms and hands while facing the audience) was found to be the strongest predictor for the occurrence of Duchenne smiles. Our studies provide support for the view that facial expressions are tools for social interaction (Behavioral Ecology Theory), rather than read-outs of basic emotions (Facial Expression Program).This research was supported by the Spanish Government’s grant PSI2011-28720 and by a Predoctoral Fellowship (FPI-UAM2012) awarded to Carlos Crivell

Are Facial Displays Social? Situational Influences in the Attribution of Emotion to Facial Expressions.

Sin resumenSin resume

Do Emotions Result in Their Predicted Facial Expressions? A Meta- Analysis of Studies on the Co-Occurrence of Expression and Emotion

That basic emotions produce a facial signal would -if true- provide a foundation for a science of emotion. Here, random-effects meta-analyses tested whether happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, and surprise each co-occurs with its predicted facial signal. The first meta-analysis examined only those studies that measured full expressions through Facial Actions Coding System (FACS). Average cooccurrence effect size was .13. The second meta-analysis included both full and partial expressions, as measured by FACS or another system. Average co-occurrence effect size rose to .23. A third meta-analysis estimated the Pearson correlation between intensity of the reported emotion and intensity of the predicted facial expression. Average correlation was .30. Overall, co-occurrence and correlation were greatest for disgust, least for surprise. What are commonly known as the six classic basic emotions do not reliably co-occur with their predicted facial signal. Heterogeneity between samples was found, suggesting a more complex account of facial expressions.2021-202

Grima: A Distinct Emotion Concept?

People experience an unpleasant sensation when hearing a scratch on a board or plate. The present research focuses on this aversive experience known in Spanish as 'grima' with no equivalent term in English and German. We hypothesized that this aversive experience constitutes a distinctive, separate emotional concept. In Study 1, we found that the affective meaning of 'grima' was closer to disgust than to other emotion concepts. Thus, in Study 2 we explored the features of grima and compared them with disgust. As grima was reported to be predominantly elicited by certain auditory stimuli and associated with a distinctive physiological pattern, Study 3 used direct measures of physiological arousal to test the assumption of a distinctive pattern of physiological responses elicited by auditory stimuli of grima and disgust, and found different effects on heart rate but not on skin conductance. In Study 4, we hypothesized that only participants with an implementation intention geared toward down-regulating grima would be able to successfully weaken the grima- but not disgust- experience. Importantly, this effect was specific as it held true for the grima-eliciting sounds only, but did not affect disgust-related sounds. Finally, Study 5 found that English and German speakers lack a single accessible linguistic label for the pattern of aversive reactions termed by Spanish speaking individuals as 'grima', whereas the elicitors of other emotions were accessible and accurately identified by German, English, as well as Spanish speakers.publishe

Distinct facial expressions represent pain and pleasure across cultures

open access articleReal-world studies show that the facial expressions produced during pain and orgasm—two different and intense affective experiences—are virtually indistinguishable. However, this finding is counterintuitive, because facial expressions are widely considered to be a powerful tool for social interaction. Consequently, debate continues as to whether the facial expressions of these extreme positive and negative affective states serve a communicative function. Here, we address this debate from a novel angle by modeling the mental representations of dynamic facial expressions of pain and orgasm in 40 observers in each of two cultures (Western, East Asian) using a data-driven method. Using a complementary approach of machine learning, an information-theoretic analysis, and a human perceptual discrimination task, we show that mental representations of pain and orgasm are physically and perceptually distinct in each culture. Cross-cultural comparisons also revealed that pain is represented by similar face movements across cultures, whereas orgasm showed distinct cultural accents. Together, our data show that mental representations of the facial expressions of pain and orgasm are distinct, which questions their nondiagnosticity and instead suggests they could be used for communicative purposes. Our results also highlight the potential role of cultural and perceptual factors in shaping the mental representation of these facial expressions. We discuss new research directions to further explore their relationship to the production of facial expressions

Fundamento y diseño de un proyecto de evaluación de la integración educativa de los niños con necesidades especiales por su deficiencia visual

Este artículo pretende dar a conocer una investigación de evaluación de la educación integrada con niños ciegos y deficientes visuales en España que se está realizando por la O.N.C.E. con un grupo de profesores de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. En él se hace un resumen de los objetivos y naturaleza de la investigación evaluativa emprendida, valorativa, iluminativa y formativa, y un análisis del diseño, variables y metodología usada en la investigaciónThis article feports a research work on the evaluation of educational integration with blind and visually handicapped children in Spain. The research is being conducted by the O.N.C.E. in collaboration with a group o teachers of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. It outlines the objectives and nature of the evaluative study undertaken (valuative, instructive and formative) and analyzes the design, thé variables and the methodology used in the stud