Développement de méthodes analytiques de séparation des produits de digestion enzymatique des dérivés de cellulose

La cellulose et ses dérivés sont utilisés dans un vaste nombre d’applications incluant le domaine pharmaceutique pour la fabrication de médicaments en tant qu’excipient. Différents dérivés cellulosiques tels que le carboxyméthylcellulose (CMC) et l’hydroxyéthylcellulose (HEC) sont disponibles sur le commerce. Le degré de polymérisation et de modification diffèrent énormément d’un fournisseur à l’autre tout dépendamment de l’origine de la cellulose et de leur procédé de dérivation, leur conférant ainsi différentes propriétés physico-chimiques qui leurs sont propres, telles que la viscosité et la solubilité. Notre intérêt est de développer une méthode analytique permettant de distinguer la différence entre deux sources d’un produit CMC ou HEC. L’objectif spécifique de cette étude de maitrise était l’obtention d’un profil cartographique de ces biopolymères complexes et ce, par le développement d’une méthode de digestion enzymatique donnant les oligosaccharides de plus petites tailles et par la séparation de ces oligosaccharides par les méthodes chromatographiques simples. La digestion fut étudiée avec différents paramètres, tel que le milieu de l’hydrolyse, le pH, la température, le temps de digestion et le ratio substrat/enzyme. Une cellulase de Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 fut utilisée pour la digestion partielle de nos échantillons de cellulose. Les oligosaccharides ne possédant pas de groupements chromophores ou fluorophores, ils ne peuvent donc être détectés ni par absorbance UV-Vis, ni par fluorescence. Il a donc été question d’élaborer une méthode de marquage des oligosaccharides avec différents agents, tels que l’acide 8-aminopyrène-1,3,6-trisulfonique (APTS), le 3-acétylamino-6-aminoacridine (AA-Ac) et la phénylhydrazine (PHN). Enfin, l’utilisation de l’électrophorèse capillaire et la chromatographie liquide à haute performance a permis la séparation des produits de digestion enzymatique des dérivés de cellulose. Pour chacune de ces méthodes analytiques, plusieurs paramètres de séparation ont été étudiés.Cellulose and its derivatives are used in a wide range of applications, including the pharmaceutical industry for the manufacturing of medicines as inactive additives. Various cellulosic derivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) are readily available for such use. The degree of polymerization and modification differs from one supplier to the other, according to the origin of the cellulose and its process of chemical modification, conferring on them different physico-chemical properties, such as viscosity and solubility. Our interest is to develop an analytical method that can distinguish between different sources of a given CMC or HEC product. The specific objective of this master’s study was to obtain a fingerprint of these complex biopolymers by developing an enzymatic digestion method to produce smaller oligosaccharides that could be separated by simple chromatographic methods. The digestion was studied as a function of various parameters, such as the composition of the hydrolysis solution, the pH, the temperature, the duration of digestion and the substrate/enzyme ratio. A cellulase enzyme from Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 was used for the partial digestion of our samples of cellulose. Since these oligosaccharides do not possess a chromophore or fluorophore, they can’t be detected either by absorbance or fluorescence. It was thus necessary to work out the labeling method for oligosaccharides using various agents, such as 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS), 3-acetylamino-6-aminoacridine (AA-Ac) and phenylhydrazine (PHN). Finally, the use of capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography allowed the separation of the enzymatic digestion products of the cellulose derivatives (CMC and HEC). For each of these analytical separation techniques, several parameters of the separation were studied

Effect of Aggressive & Conservative Working Capital Management Policy on Performance of Scheduled Commercial Banks of Pakistan

This study examine the impact of working capital management and its policies (investment and financing) on the performance of the scheduled commercial banks listed in PSE(Pakistan Stock Exchange) for the time period of 2009-2013. The performance of the banking sector have been determined with return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and cash to cash equivalent (CCE). Working capital management has been measured with cash conversion cycle (CCC), current liabilities to total asset (CL/TA) and current asset to total asset (CA/TA). Financial leverage and size of the bank have been used as control variables. The results revealed from the selected 30 commercial banks as sample that there is a negative relationship between CA/TA, CL/TA and CCC with ROA and ROE. There is a significant positive relationship between CA/TA and CCE, however, its relativity with CL/TA and CCC is insignificant. The control variables show significant positive relationships with ROA and ROE and significant negative relationships with CCE. Whereas leverage shows insignificant relationship with ROA, ROE and CCE. Keywords: Working Capital Management, scheduled commercial banks, aggressive working capital policy, conservative working capital policy

The Relationship Between Religious Tourism and Individual’s Perceptions (A case study of Hazrat Data Ghanj Bakhsh’s shrine)

Tourism as an industry has become one of the rapidly flourishing sectors in the world economy. It has experienced a continual evolution, and expanding ‎diversification over the last few decades. Religious tourism is one of the ancient types of tourism, i.e. travel entirely and intensely motivated for religious reasons. Specifically talking about Pakistan in business and research circles, religious tourism has recently been accepted as a thriving segment. This paper investigates the relationship between religious tourism and individuals’ perceptions at Hazrat Data Ganj Bakhsh\u27s (HDGB) Shrine. For this empirical study, a survey method, primarily of Likert Scales is used. The collected data is used to gather information about the relationship between individuals’ perceptions and religious tourism at HDGB shrine. Individuals’ perceptions are measured regarding: directional signage; safety and security; displays and exhibits; good value for money and; equal access. The results show that individuals’ perceptions regarding directional signage, safety and security, displays and exhibits, good value for money, and equal access have positive relationships with religious tourism

Color: The Mantra for Marketing

In the present scenario, color is emphasized as the most required component of the market and marketers. The customers are attracted using different colors for the products by the manufacturers. The competition prevailing in the market has made the organizations use several strategies using color. Now days the customers go to the various retail stores and buy the products by seeing the packaging as it creates an effective image of the product in their minds. The marketers have to understand the knowledge of the consumers to select the right color for product. The impact of the visual aspects helps the organizations to pass the information to the consumers. The color can affect the consumer's perception and their buying decision. The brands are also recognized because of the fixed colors of their products which provide them brand equity. Every color has been accepted in different way by the various cultures and the emotions attached to it is also different. Color is opted differently by the two genders. In this research paper how the color is used by different cultures, the sentiments associated are studied. A glance of the impact of the color on the consumer behavior is also studied. Without appropriate selection of color the marketers will not be able to attract the customers

Mayers-Scotten’s 4-M Model: A Qusai-Experimental Study of Pashto-English Morphological Ability

Bilingualism has been a myth for linguists and language policy and planning professionals for decades. Current study observes morphological ability and bilingual profile of L1 and L2 of Pashto mother-tongue children. Bilingual profile of the participants measured through bilingual language profile (BLP) tool. Both L1 and L2 children were tested before and after intervention. Morphological ability was measured through 4 M model. After 4 weeks of intervention, experimental child was able to read and write complex words with bridge morphemes. In contrast, controlled sample was not exposed to the intervention. The participants performed assigned language tasks and their performance-expressions were analyzed. Study confirms that early and late bridge morphemes are acquired and children have intelligibility of the language despite the fact that BLP shows low profile of the mother tongue. Significant effects of mother tongue were recorded in the participants’ performance. Effects of explicit morphological instruction was focused on identifying Pashto orthography and applying morphological ability on word formations. Findings reveal bilingual profile and patterns of morphological ability after didactic practice of intervention. Intervention contributed in developing Pashto orthography that was crucial for reading and writing proficiency. Direct impact on text-based inference and reading comprehension was another milestone of this qusai-experimental research. This model can be used for longitudinal studies

Diterpenes from Different Fungal Sources and Their 13C-NMR Data

Diterpenes are one of the classes of natural products with about 7000 structures. The basic skeleton of diterpene contains 20 carbon atoms. Microbes contain a large number of diterpenoid with many oxidized carbons and nitrogen atoms. To date, a number of secondary metabolites have been isolated from fungal sources, and some of these examples showed diverse structural features and interesting biological activities. These classes of compounds have attracted the interest of natural product scientist due to their potential biological activities. This chapter includes recently (2013–2018) isolated compounds from various fungal sources especially cythane, clerodanes, halimanes, abietane, and indole-type diterpenes. Biosynthetic pathway of plants and fungi diterpenes showed homology at initial steps but showed differences at latter steps. The biological activity and 13C-NMR data of these recently isolated compounds have been discussed. These diterpenes exhibited potential nitric oxide, anticancer, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. The diterpenes are clerodane, labdane, and kaurane derivatives. A brief discussion on the 13C-NMR chemical shifts of these diterpenes has been discussed at the end of each type

A Rare Case of Orbital Lymphoma

Orbital lymphoma without systemic involvement is rarely seen in ophthalmological practice. We diagnosed one such case in our set-up. An old female presented with diplopia and proptosis right eye. CT-scan revealed an intraorbital mass along the superior orbital wall. MRI orbit showed space occupying lesion involving frontal sinus which was confirmed on histopathological and Immunohistochemical examinations. The histochemical studies confirmed the presence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This is a rare manifestation of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with primary involvement of orbital mass extending into frontal sinus and cranial fossa with no systemic involvement. This case was being reported for general awareness as the tumour is potentially curabl

Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in pregnant females with or without hypertension

Suppression of Cytokine Signalling-3 (SOCS-3) modulates the inflammatory pathways responsible for vascular stability. Therefore, we aimed to estimate SOCS-3 levels in 2nd trimester pregnant females and correlate it with blood pressure. A case control study recruiting (n=111) females was conducted at the Aga Khan University. They were classified as pregnancy induced hypertensives ornormotensive as per American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Guidelines. Weight, Body mass index, lipid profile and blood glucose were recorded while SOCS-3 was measured by ELISA. Higher SOCS-3 levels were seen in hypertensive group (30 pg/ml) versus normotensive (16 pg/ml). Both Systolic & diastolic blood pressure (r=0.520; p \u3c0.001) (r=0.490; p \u3c0.001) showed an independent significant positive correlation with SOCS-3 level. It is safe to suggest that SOCS-3 has an association of causing high blood pressure. However, more research needs to be conducted to establish a mechanism and chronological order to these events in a pregnant female

Religion Tourism and Entrepreneurial Development (A Case Study Hazrat Data Ganj Bakhsh Shrine)

Tourism as an industry has become one of the rapidly flourishing economic sector in the world, and its earliest form is religion tourism that starts from the dawn of humanity. All the cities of the world hosted religious centers are not only a major part of the cultural landscape, but they also promote the economic activities in the form of local business and marketing. Religion tourism generates revenue in multiple ways: money spent by tourists enhances the scale of the local business and spending by local government and residents which in return accelerates the economic activities. This study has been conducted for a Shrine of Hazrat Data Ganj Bakhsh (HDGB) in Lahore (Pakistan) to check how religion based tourism promotes entrepreneurial activities. The relationship has been checked by the visitor’s perceptions and local business activities at Hazrat Data Ganj Bakhsh (HDGB) shrine. For this empirical research, primary survey has been conducted for the sample size of 360 questionnaires from the tourists, management and entrepreneurs around HDGB shrine. The visitor’s perceptions are measured with directional signage, safety and security, displays and exhibits, good value for money, and equal access