Antiretroviral Treatment Knowledge and Stigma--Implications for Programs and HIV Treatment Interventions in Rural Tanzanian Populations.

To analyse antiretroviral treatment (ART) knowledge and HIV- and ART-related stigma among the adult population in a rural Tanzanian community. Population-based cross-sectional survey of 694 adults (15-49 years of age). Latent class analysis (LCA) categorized respondents' levels of ART knowledge and of ART-related stigma. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the association between the levels of ART knowledge and HIV- and ART-related stigma, while controlling for the effects of age, gender, education, marital status and occupation. More than one-third of men and women in the study reported that they had never heard of ART. Among those who had heard of ART, 24% were east informed about ART, 8% moderately informed, and 68% highly informed. Regarding ART-related stigma, 28% were least stigmatizing, 41% moderately stigmatizing, and 31% highly stigmatizing toward persons taking ART. Respondents that had at least primary education were more likely to have high levels of knowledge about ART (OR 3.09, 95% CI 1.61-5.94). Participants highly informed about ART held less HIV- and ART-related stigma towards ART patients (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09-0.74). The lack of ART knowledge is broad, and there is a strong association between ART knowledge and individual education level. These are relevant findings for both HIV prevention and HIV treatment program interventions that address ART-related stigma across the entire spectrum of the community

An empirical method for deriving grade equivalence for university entrance qualifications: An application to A levels and the International Baccalaureate

We present a method to compare different qualifications for entry to higher education by studying students' subsequent performance. Using this method for students holding either the International Baccalaureate (IB) or A-levels gaining their degrees in 2010, we estimate an 'empirical' equivalence scale between IB grade points and UCAS points whereby, for similar students in the same universities and subjects, final degree performance is independent of the type of entry qualification. The empirical equivalence scale suggests that the official UCAS tariff is too generous to IB students in the allocation of UCAS points. We also compare the points of IB students with the UCAS scores of A level students in the same university. We find that the amount that the official tariff is adjusted by universities is approximately correct in the low-to-middle part of the range (IB points in the low 30s). At the top end of the scale, however, universities have adjusted too far away from the official mapping. Oxford and Cambridge are exceptions, owing to their intensive recruitment methods; yet their tendency to ask for very high IB points, but not very high A level UCAS points, remains a puzzle

Archeota, Spring 2019

This is the Spring 2019 issue of Archeota, the official publication of SJSU SAASC. Archeota is a platform for students to contribute to the archival conversation. It is written BY students, FOR students. It provides substantive content on archival concerns and issues, and promotes career development in the field of archival studies. Archeota upholds the core values of the archival profession. It is a semiannual publication of the Student Chapter of the Society of American Archivists at the San Jose State University School of Information.https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/saasc_archeota/1009/thumbnail.jp

PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN KELUARGA TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was an influence of the family environment on the learning achievement of grade IV A students at SD Inpres Mangga Dua Merauke. This type of research is quantitative research. Respondents taken were 36 students. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and documentation. The questionnaire was used to obtain data on family environment variables and documentation was used to obtain data on student achievement. The data analysis technique used correlation test, hypothesis test (t test), and determination test. Correlation test to determine the relationship of the family environment to student achievement. Hypothesis test (t test) to determine whether there is an influence of the family environment on student achievement. Determination test to determine the influence of the family environment on student achievement. The results showed that there was a significant influence of the family environment on the learning achievement of grade IV A students at SD Inpres Mangga Dua Merauke. This is evidenced by the results of the t test where the value of t count> t table (5,299> 2,032). The family environment has a strong positive contribution to student achievement with a correlation value of 0.673. The magnitude of the influence of the family environment on student achievement is 45.2%

Presenting two sides of a social arts project.

Anna Francis, who co-presented the Lab ‘Representing the change: Rules of engagement’, at The Social Art Summit, discusses why there is a need to be honest about the challenges for artists and the importance of sharing the full picture, in this article on pages 29 and 30 of the research paper Social Art Summit. This research paper is a collection of reflections on a two-day event in Sheffield, November 2018. The Social Art Summit took place in Sheffield, 1-2 November 2018, convening over 300 practitioners and wider audiences for an artist-led review of socially engaged practice. It was organised by Social Art Network, co-founded by Eelyn Lee and R.M. Sánchez-Camus (Marcelo) in 2016 as ‘a UK based community of artists committed to building agency for the field of social art practice with four goals: creating a platform to showcase and discuss current work, expanding critical and reflective dialogue around the work, developing a national network of artists to strengthen peer support and artists’ development, and by doing this building a database of current, past and historic projects.’ The Social Art Summit was coconvened by Eelyn and Marcelo with guest-convener Ian Nesbitt. As a supporting partner of the event a-n The Artists Information Company has commissioned this publication to disseminate ideas and content from the Summit. Dr Cara Courage, Head of Tate Exchange, was invited to contribute a central essay; and a range of short contributions from participants, reflecting on specific themes and issues arising, were selected from an open call. Published in April 2019 to coincide with Social Art Assembly, a follow-on event at Tate Exchange reflecting on the Social Art Summit and exploring where Social Art Network can go from here

Thermotolerance of an inactivated rabies vaccine for dogs

This study provides the first robust data that the antibody response of dogs vaccinated with Nobivac® Rabies vaccine stored for several months at high temperatures (up to 30 °C) is not inferior to that of dogs vaccinated with vaccine stored under recommended cold-chain conditions (2–8 °C). A controlled and randomized non-inferiority study was carried out comparing the four-week post vaccination serological responses of Tanzanian village dogs inoculated with vaccine which had been stored at elevated temperatures for different periods of time with those of dogs vaccinated with the same product stored according to label recommendations. Specifically, the neutralizing antibody response following the use of vaccine which had been stored for up to six months at 25 °C or for three months at 30 °C was not inferior to that following the use of cold-chain stored vaccine. These findings provide reassurance that the vaccine is likely to remain efficacious even if exposed to elevated temperatures for limited periods of time and, under these circumstances, it can safely be used and not necessarily destroyed or discarded. The availability of thermotolerant vaccines has been an important factor in the success of several disease control and elimination programs and could greatly increase the capacity of rabies vaccination campaigns to access hard to reach communities in Africa and Asia. We have not confirmed a 3-year duration of immunity for the high temperature stored vaccine, however because annual re-vaccination is usually practiced for dogs presented for vaccination during campaigns in Africa and Asia this should not be a cause for concern. These findings will provide confidence that, for rabies control and elimination programs using this vaccine in low-income settings, more flexible delivery models could be explored, including those that involve limited periods of transportation and storage at temperatures higher than that currently recommended

Parent-offspring conflict over reproductive timing: ecological dynamics far away and at other times may explain spawning variability in Pacific herring

Timing of reproduction may be of crucial importance for fitness, particularly in environments that vary seasonally in food availability or predation risk. However, for animals with spatially separated feeding and breeding habitats, optimal reproductive timing may differ between parents and their offspring, leading to parent-offspring conflict. We assume that offspring have highest survival and fitness if they are spawned around a fixed date, and use state-dependent life-history theory to explore whether variation in conditions affecting only parents (food availability and survival) may influence optimal timing of reproduction. We apply the model to Pacific herring (Clupea palasii) in Puget Sound, USA, where 20 subpopulations spawn at different times of the year. Our model suggests that relatively small differences in adult food availability can lead to altered prioritization in the trade-off between maternal fecundity and what from the offspring’s perspective is the best time to be spawned. Our model also shows that observed among-population variability in reproductive timing may result from adults using different feeding grounds with divergent food dynamics, or from individual variation in condition caused by stochasticity at a single feeding ground. Identifying drivers of reproductive timing may improve predictions of recruitment, population dynamics, and responses to environmental change.publishedVersio