Experimentally induced retinal projections to the ferret auditory thalamus: development of clustered eye-specific patterns in a novel target

Journal ArticleWe have examined the relative role of afferents and targets in pattern formation using a novel preparation, in which retinal projections in ferrets are induced to innervate the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN). We find that retinal projections to the MGN are arranged in scattered clusters. Clusters arising from the ipsilateral eye are frequently adjacent to, but spatially segregated from, clusters arising from the contralateral eye. Both clustering and eye-specific segregation in the MGN arise as a refinement of initially diffuse and overlapped projections. The shape, size, and orientation of retinal terminal clusters in the MGN closely match those of relay cell dendrites arrayed within fibrodendritic laminae in the MGN. We conclude that specific aspects of a projection system are regulated by afferents and others by targets. Clustering of retinal projections within the MGN and eye-specific segregation involve progressive remodeling of retinal axon arbors, over a time period that closely parallels pattern formation by retinal afferents within their normal target, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Thus, afferent-driven mechanisms are implicated in these events. However, the termination zones are aligned within the normal cellular organization of the MGN, which does not differentiate into eye-specific cell layers similar to the LGN. Thus, target-driven mechanisms are implicated in lamina formation and cellular differentiation

Layer-specific programs of development in neocortical projection neurons

Journal ArticleHow are long-range axonal projections from the cerebral cortex orchestrated during development? By using both passively and actively transported axonal tracers in fetal and postnatal ferrets, we have analyzed the development of projections from the cortex to a number of thalamic nuclei. We report that the projections of a cortical area to its corresponding thalamic nuclei follow highly cell-specific programs of development. Axons from cells in the deepest layers of the cerebral cortex (layer 6 and superficial subplate neurons) appear to grow very slowly and be delayed for several weeks in the cerebral white matter, reaching the thalamus over a protracted period. Neurons of layer 5, on the other hand, develop their projections much faster; despite being born after the neurons of deeper layers, layer 5 neurons are the first to extend their axons out of the cortical hemisphere and innervate the thalamus. Layer 5 projections are massive in the first postnatal weeks but may become partly eliminated later in development, being overtaken in number by layer 6 cells that constitute the major corticothalamic projection by adulthood. Layer 5 projections are area-specific from the outset and arise as collateral branches of axons directed to the brainstem and spinal cord. Our findings show that the early development of corticofugal connections is determined not by the sequence of cortical neurogenesis but by developmental programs specific for each type of projection neuron. In addition, they demonstrate that in most thalamic nuclei, layer 5 neurons (and not subplate or layer 6 neurons) establish the first descending projections from the cerebral cortex

Evaluation of optimal lateral resisting systems for tall buildings subject to horizontal loads

The tendency of modern designs towards optimal structures often leads to the lightest and best performing choice among a large set of design alternatives. In a similar scenario, the introduction of automated tools to further guide designers in achieving efficient solutions has been a recurrent topic for mechanical and structural engineers, over the past decades. Nowadays, topology optimization is considered a powerful preliminary design tool to determine the optimal material distribution in a design domain, i.e. the most effective configuration that satisfies a given set of prescribed constraints while reducing the consumption of structural material. Among different applications in the field of Civil Engineering, this work focuses on the definition of optimal layouts of lateral resisting systems for multi-storey steel building frameworks subject to lateral loads using topology optimization techniques. The objective of the research is to illustrate the benefits deriving from the introduction of automated routines within the preliminary design stage and establish reliable guidelines for performing accurate and objective optimization procedures. Since the optimal material distribution follows the load flow within the structure, optimal topologies are especially sensitive to the alteration of support and loading conditions: different loading scenarios naturally lead to distinct optimal layouts. In order to avoid the loss of objectivity and preserve the optimality of the results, the effects that preliminary modelling and loading assumptions produce on final layouts are investigated. Numerical applications to high-rise building models are presented and discussed

Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Quantity with Sports-Related Injury Rates

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A new modular structural system for tall buildings based on tetrahedral configuration

Inspired by the high mechanical performance of diagrid structures, the minimization of material consumption on braced tubes and the expressive potency of tensegrity modular structures, this work proposes an innovative three-dimensional system for tall buildings. A new modular structural system generated from the assembly of tetrahedral units is investigated. The paper integrates insights on the architectural implications and mechanical performance of the reticular system arranged in repetitive triangular-based modules. The impact of different geometric configurations of the structural members on the economic design is also discussed and recommendations for the optimal topology are made. Guidelines for the design and analytical formula for accessing preliminary member sizes are proposed on the basis of stiffness requirements

Validation of a Wearable System for Respiratory Rate Monitoring in Dogs

One of the most relevant physiological parameters in dogs is respiratory rate (RR). The aim of this paper is to present a novel wearable system that allows to accurately estimate RR in dogs, and to compare it to a gold standard in static conditions. Data from 12 dogs were acquired while the animals were anesthetized and attached to a vital signs monitor. The experimental setup consisted of three Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) applied on the dog, and a video camera filming the RR value shown on the monitor. The range of RR values analyzed in the study is 0 to 29 breaths per minute, read by the vital signs monitor. The mean RMSE for the data acquisitions is 1.68 breaths per minute. The values of the filtering parameters that allow to obtain the best performance depend on the specific acquisition. This result demonstrates that adaptive filtering is a viable method for the application. Future developments include tests on a larger dataset, and trials on dogs in unconstrained environments and during movement

Quantification of energy-related parameters for near-fault pulse-like seismic ground motions

An energy-based approach facilitates the explicit consideration of the damage associated with both maximum displacements and cumulative plastic deformations under earthquakes. For structural systems that can undergo pulse-like seismic ground motions close to causative faults, an energy-based approach is deemed especially appropriate with respect to well-established force-or displacement-based strategies. In such a case, in fact, most of the damage is attributable to the dominant pulse-like component, which usually occurs into the velocity time history of the seismic ground motion, thus implying high energy levels imparted to a structural system. In order to enable the implementation of an energy-based approach in the analysis and design of structures under near-fault pulse-like seismic ground motions, this study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation about the influence of seismological parameters and hysteretic behavior on the spectra of the following energy-related parameters: inelastic absolute and relative input energy; input energy reduction factor; hysteretic energy dissipation demand; hysteretic energy reduction factor; dimensionless cumulative plastic deformation ratio. Closed-form approximations are proposed for these spectra, and the numerical values of the corresponding parameters have been also calibrated (with reference to both mean and standard deviation values) as functions of earthquake magnitude, type of hysteretic behavior (i.e., non-degrading or degrading) and ductility level. The outcomes of this study are meant to support the derivation of design spectra for the energy-based seismic design of structures under near-fault pulse-like seismic ground motions

Nonstimulated early visual areas carry information about surrounding context

Even within the early sensory areas, the majority of the input to any given cortical neuron comes from other cortical neurons. To extend our knowledge of the contextual information that is transmitted by such lateral and feedback connections, we investigated how visually nonstimulated regions in primary visual cortex (V1) and visual area V2 are influenced by the surrounding context. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and pattern-classification methods to show that the cortical representation of a nonstimulated quarter-field carries information that can discriminate the surrounding visual context. We show further that the activity patterns in these regions are significantly related to those observed with feed-forward stimulation and that these effects are driven primarily by V1. These results thus demonstrate that visual context strongly influences early visual areas even in the absence of differential feed-forward thalamic stimulation