DETERMINACION DEL CONTENIDO DE SACAROSA DE SEIS CULTIVARES DE CANA DE AZUCAR” (Saccharum officinarum L.) EN LA ZONA DE IQUITOS

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal determinar el contenido de sacarosa de seis (6) cultivares de caña de azúcar, dentro de un plan estratégico para seleccionar clones de alto contenido de sacarosa, precocidad y resistencia a enfermedades y plagas que posibiliten el desarrollo de la producción artesanal de azúcar de la región. El trabajo en referencia se efectuó en el Centro de Investigación de Allpahuayo, propiedad del Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), ubicado en la carretera Iquitos-Nauta, a la altura del km. 20. El suelo donde se desarrolló el experimento presenta un pH de 4.5 y es de textura franco arcillosa, con un promedio de materia orgánica de 2.7%, alto nivel de aluminio (62.27%) y baja saturación de bases. Los tratamientos en estudio correspondieron a los siguientes cultivares: NCO 310, CO 622, PR 980, L 6025, PHIL 5333 y “caña brava”, los que fueron instalados con diseño experimental de bloque completo randomizado. El cultivar que obtuvo el primer lugar en contenido de sacarosa fue el NCO 310, con 20.037 de pol, y el último lugar correspondió al cultivar CO 622, con 15.927 de po1

INFLUENCIA DEL SUELO EN LA DIVERSIDAD ALFA Y ESTRUCTURA DE LA VEGETACIÓN EN LOS BOSQUES DE LA CARRETERA IQUITOS - NAUTA, PERÚ

Soil is the superficial part of the earth where plants grow, among them, species of economic importance that provide food, medicine and wood for local people, however, little has been studied about the influence of the soil on the plants in the Amazon Peruvian. Due to these reasons, the relationship between the physical-chemical characteristics of the soil and the diversity and structure in the forests in the area of the Iquitos-Nauta highway, Loreto, Peru, was evaluated. 102 pits for soil sampling and 37 plots of 50 x 20 m for vegetation study, were settled. Spearman's correlation index indicated that alpha diversity is negatively related to cation exchange capacity, potassium, phosphorus, and organic matter; and the structure (number of individuals) is negatively related to the amount of clay and pH. In conclusion, the alpha diversity and structure of the vegetation is determined by the physical-chemical characteristics of the soil.El suelo es la parte superficial de la tierra donde crecen las plantas, entre ellas, especies de importancia económica que proporcionan alimentos, medicina y madera para la población, sin embargo, poco se ha estudiado sobre la influencia del suelo en las plantas de la Amazonía peruana. Por estas razones, se evaluó la relación entre las características físico-químicas del suelo y la diversidad y estructura en los bosques del ámbito de la carretera Iquitos-Nauta, Loreto, Perú. Para este estudio se establecieron 102 calicatas para el muestreo del suelo y 37 parcelas de 50 x 20 m para estudio de la vegetación. El índice de correlación de Spearman indicó que la diversidad alfa está relacionada negativamente con la capacidad de intercambio catiónico, potasio, fósforo  y materia orgánica; y la estructura (cantidad de individuos) está relacionada negativamente con la cantidad de arcilla y pH. En conclusión, la diversidad alfa y estructura de la vegetación está determinada por las características físico-químicas del suelo

Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on stroke and atrial fibrillation in diabetic kidney disease: Results from the CREDENCE trial and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-Analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-Analysis. RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: Total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]). CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms

Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to 300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m 2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Zonificación Ecológica Económica del Departamento de Madre de Dios: Fisiografía

El presente informe corresponde al estudio preliminar de fisiografía a nivel de reconocimiento de la Provincia de Tahuamanu. El área estudiada abarca una superficie aproximada de 8 518 396 ha. El estudio se ha desarrollado sobre la base del análisis de imágenes de satélite Landsat TM y ETM, asÌ como de radar NASDA JERS-1-SAR. Para la identificación de las unidades de la superficie terrestre se ha empleado el método del análisis fisiográfico.Gobierno Regional de Madre de DiosRevisión por pares

Zonificación Ecológica Económica del Departamento de Madre de Dios: Fisiografía

El presente informe corresponde al estudio preliminar de fisiografía a nivel de reconocimiento de la Provincia de Tahuamanu. El área estudiada abarca una superficie aproximada de 8 518 396 ha. El estudio se ha desarrollado sobre la base del análisis de imágenes de satélite Landsat TM y ETM, asÌ como de radar NASDA JERS-1-SAR. Para la identificación de las unidades de la superficie terrestre se ha empleado el método del análisis fisiográfico.Gobierno Regional de Madre de DiosRevisión por pares

Estudio de suelos del Jardín Botánico de Plantas Medicinales de Allpahuayo

El presente estudio, que se ha realizado a un nivel muy detallado en una superficie de 10 Ha, tiene como objetivo principal proporcionar información sobre las características y distribución de los suelos del área destinada al Jardín Botánico donde se vienen investigando e introduciendo especies vegetales que tienen propiedades medicinales

Estudio de suelos del Jardín Botánico de Plantas Medicinales de Allpahuayo

El presente estudio, que se ha realizado a un nivel muy detallado en una superficie de 10 Ha, tiene como objetivo principal proporcionar información sobre las características y distribución de los suelos del área destinada al Jardín Botánico donde se vienen investigando e introduciendo especies vegetales que tienen propiedades medicinales

Estudios de suelos del Jardín Botánico de Frutales Nativos del Allpahuayo: estudio muy detallado

El presente estudio, que se ha realizado a un nivel muy detallado en una superficie de 10 Ha., tiene como objetivo principal proporcionar información sobre las características y distribución de los suelos del área destinada al Jardín Botánico de Frutales Nativos, en el Centro de Investigaciones de A11 pahuayo del IIAP, ubicado en el Km. 20.5 de la Carretera Iquitos-Nauta