Orientación emprendedora y rendimiento en clubes deportivos españoles

La presente tesis está compuesta por un compendio de artículos que analizan la relación existente entre la orientación emprendedora y diferentes variables de rendimiento en clubes deportivos españoles. El artículo I analiza la relación entre la orientación emprendedora y el rendimiento social en clubes deportivos españoles, valorando el efecto de variables organizativas estructurales como el tipo de financiación y el nivel de competición. Para ello se utilizan dos metodologías complementarias: modelos lineales con análisis de moderación y modelos basados en análisis comparativo cualitativo. Según los resultados obtenidos existe un efecto directo positivo de las dimensiones de la orientación emprendedora sobre el rendimiento social. En todos los casos, los clubes con mayor financiación pública mostraron mayores niveles de predicción en rendimiento social. El artículo II analiza la influencia de factores del entorno (dinamismo, hostilidad y complejidad) y factores emprendedores (orientación emprendedora) sobre el rendimiento social dividido en dos dimensiones: rendimiento en el impacto social y el rendimiento en causas sociales. Este análisis se ha abordado desde un enfoque simétrico a través de modelos de regresión jerárquica, y desde un enfoque asimétrico a través de análisis comparativo cualitativo. Según los resultados obtenidos, la orientación emprendedora, la complejidad y el dinamismo influyen directamente en ambos tipos de rendimiento social, mientras que los altos niveles de hostilidad en el entorno están relacionados con los bajos niveles de rendimiento en impacto social y rendimiento en causas sociales. El artículo III se estudia la influencia de la orientación emprendedora y el nivel de profesionalidad (club deportivo profesional o club deportivo no profesional) sobre el rendimiento deportivo. Según los resultados obtenidos, la orientación emprendedora influye en el rendimiento económico de los clubes deportivos, siendo la proactividad la dimensión más importante y la innovación la menos importante. El mayor grado de profesionalidad del club está presente en los resultados para altos niveles de rendimiento económico. El artículo IV analiza la relación de la orientación emprendedora y una variable estructural de la organización, como es el tamaño del club, con el rendimiento económico y deportivo de los clubes deportivos analizados. Los resultados muestran que la asunción de riesgos y la innovación son condiciones causales de altos niveles de rendimiento económico y deportivo, y que el gran tamaño de los clubes es una condición causal. Por último, el artículo V analiza el impacto del COVID-19 en el emprendimiento deportivo, y evaluar si existen diferencias en la predicción del emprendimiento deportivo sobre la calidad de servicio en los clubes deportivos analizados. Para ello, se recoge información en dos tiempos diferentes: antes y después de la irrupción del COVID-19. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la asunción de riesgos y la innovación son significativamente más elevadas después de la aparición del COVID-19.This thesis is composed of a compendium of articles that analyse the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and different performance variables in Spanish sports clubs. Article I analyses the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and social performance in Spanish sports clubs, assessing the effect of structural organisational variables such as the type of financing and the level of competition. Two complementary methodologies are used: linear models with moderation analysis and models based on qualitative comparative analysis. According to the results obtained, there is a positive direct effect of the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation on social performance. In all cases, clubs with higher public funding showed higher levels of prediction in social performance. Article II analyses the influence of environmental factors (dynamism, hostility and complexity) and entrepreneurial factors (entrepreneurial orientation) on social performance divided into two dimensions: performance in social impact and performance in social causes. This analysis has been approached from a symmetric approach through hierarchical regression models, and from an asymmetric approach through qualitative comparative analysis. According to the results obtained, entrepreneurial orientation, complexity and dynamism directly influence both types of social performance, while high levels of hostility in the environment are related to low levels of performance in social impact and performance in social causes. Article III studies the influence of entrepreneurial orientation and level of professionalism (professional sports club or non-professional sports club) on sport performance. According to the results obtained, entrepreneurial orientation influences the economic performance of sports clubs, with proactivity being the most important dimension and innovation the least important. The higher degree of club professionalism is present in the results for high levels of economic performance. Article IV analyses the relationship of entrepreneurial orientation and an organisational structural variable, club size, with the economic and sporting performance of the analysed sports clubs. The results show that risk-taking and innovation are causal conditions for high levels of economic and sporting performance, and that large club size is a causal condition. Finally, article V analyses the impact of COVID-19 on sport entrepreneurship, and assesses whether there are differences in the prediction of sport entrepreneurship on service quality in the analysed sport clubs. To this end, information is collected at two different times: before and after the introduction of COVID-19. The results obtained show that risk-taking and innovation are significantly higher after the appearance of COVID-19

Physical activity using social media during the COVID-19 pandemic: the perceptions of sports science students

During the period of the COVID-19 lockdown, sports organizations and companies had to look for new ways to connect with their customers by offering physical activity (PA) alternatives to do at home. This study explores the perceptions of 175 undergraduate sports science students regarding their social media (SM) and PA patterns during the first Spanish COVID-19 lockdown period (March to May 2020). From their homes, the students completed an ad hoc online questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS 23.0 software to perform descriptive and inferential analysis (t-test). The results show that the participants used SM during the COVID-19 lockdown to visualize or practice PA, perceiving SM platforms as channels through which to motivate themselves to perform PA, promote it or learn about new training disciplines. Significant gender differences were found with respect to the practice of PA using SM, with females showing higher scores than males. YouTube and Instagram were the most used SM platforms for viewing or practicing PA. In terms of practical implications, this study reinforces the role of SM in sports management for creating opportunities to connect with customers and offer innovative PA proposals in the challenging period brought on by COVID-19

THE INFLUENCE OF TEACHER-STUDENT COMMUNICATION ON THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

During adolescence, there is a significant risk of sports abandonment associated with sedentarism and overweight. For this reason, Physical Education (PE) classes should be an opportunity to bring physical activity and sport closer to schoolchildren developing, and consolidating healthy lifestyle habits. Considering the importance that teaching communication procedures can have in the motivation of students, and given the lack of specific studies that investigate the influence of these processes on the motivation to practice sport in the context of PE, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of the teacher's communicational dimensions (challenging, encouragement and praise, non-verbal support, understanding and friendliness, and controlling) on the perception of the importance given to PE. The sample was composed of a total of 203 PE students between 10 and 16 years old. The mean (M), standard deviation (SD), skewness (S) and kurtosis (K) of the dimensions of the Teacher Communication (TC) and Importance of Physical Education (IPE) were analysed. In order to determine the relationship between the variables analysed, Pearson's correlation is used. With an aim of determining the effect of the perception of the TC in the classroom on the students' IPE, linear regression is carried out. In data processing, the SPSS 23.0 software is used. The results obtained show that the TC has an effect of 19.7% on IPE. Understanding and friendliness, and controlling dimension are being analysed with the highest standardized regressions coefficient in students' perception of IPE

Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Passion for Work on Performance Variables in Sports Clubs

Entrepreneurial orientation and passion for work have been widely studied due to their effects on the behaviour and attitude of management teams in the short- and long-term. However, despite the influences of these variables on the sustainability and survival of an entity, there is a gap when considering the effects of these two performance variables in sports organisations. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to understand the influences of entrepreneurial orientation and passion for work on service quality and sporting performance. To this end, 199 Spanish non-profit sports clubs were analysed using instruments with good psychometric properties. Data analysis was carried out using two complementary methodologies: hierarchical regression models and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. The findings show that innovation and risk-taking influence performance variables and that the inclusion of passion for work significantly increases the explanatory capacity of the model. On the other hand, it was also observed that entrepreneurial orientation dimensions and passion for work are part of the combination that allows the expected result to be explored to a greater extent. Theoretical and practical implications were drawn from these findings, which can be used to improve the economic and social sustainability of sport organisations. The study also provides useful information for managers and directors of sport organisations

Clima organizacional y sector de pertenencia : un análisis de la percepción de los empleados de entidades deportivas

El Clima Organizacional afecta al rendimiento del personal de las organizaciones y, en consecuencia, al rendimiento de la propia organización. En el ámbito de la gestión deportiva, pocos estudios han abordado el análisis del Clima desde una perspectiva comparativa considerando los tres sectores implicados en la gestión del deporte: público, privado y asociativo. La motivación del presente trabajo surge como consecuencia de esta carencia observada. Para ello, se obtuvo una muestra de 303 empleados de organizaciones deportivas de los tres sectores a los que se le administró el cuestionario de Clima PSCLADE C23/6 (García-Tascón, 2008). Los resultados muestran una percepción del Clima significativamente inferior por parte de los empleados de la administración pública con respecto a los del sector privado y asociativo. Como conclusión, observamos que, aun compartiendo objeto, el sector de pertenencia provoca importantes diferencias en la percepción de Clima, y evidencia potenciales áreas de mejora.The organizational climate affects the performance of the staff of organizations and, consequently, the performance of the organization. In the field of sports management, few studies have addressed climate analysis from a comparative perspective considering the three sectors involved in sports management: public, private and associative. The motivation of this work comes as a result of this observed deficiency. To do this, a sample of 303 employees of sports organizations of the three sectors was obtained, and the Climate questionnaire PSCLADE C23 / 6 (García-Tascon, 2008) was administered. The results show a significantly lower climate perception by employees of public administration with respect to private and voluntary sector. In conclusion, we note that, while sharing object, belonging sector causes significant differences in the perception of Climate, evidence and potential areas for improvement

Does the level of competition influence the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and service quality?

In times of economic instability and increasingly competitive environments, organisations need to differentiate themselves and find the best version of themselves. Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is increasingly present in organisations in general and constitutes an opportunity to improve performance in the sports associations sector. Sporting clubs are organisations of great qualitative and quantitative relevance, although few studies have approached their entrepreneurial character as an opportunity to seek success in achieving their goals. Although the positive relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and organisational performance has been well established, the moderating role of other variables in this relationship has not been studied to the same extent. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between EO with its constitutive dimensions (innovation, proactivity and risk-taking), with service quality (SQ) considered as the performance variable. The study has been approached considering entrepreneurship orientation from both a one-dimensional and multidimensional point of view, taking into account the discrepancies observed in the literature. The moderating role of the competition level (CL) of Spanish basketball clubs in this relationship was analysed as well, and this analysis was performed using the PROCESS macro, designed to test moderation by directly evaluating the importance of the indirect effect of the independent variable (X; EO INNO, RISK, and PROAC) on the dependent variable (Y; SQ) through a moderator: CL (M). The study was carried out with 103 Spanish basketball clubs (61% from the national category and 39% from the regional category). The results show significantly higher results in proactivity and EO in national sports clubs. There is also a relationship between all the variables studied (innovation, proactivity, risk taking, EO and service quality). The variables that best explain service quality are risk taking and entrepreneurial orientation. However, there is no moderating role for the competition level in the relationship between innovation, proactivity, risk taking and EO, with service quality

Práctica deportiva extraescolar y su relación con el autoconcepto y el rendimiento académico

La falta de actividad física en la sociedad es uno de los factores de riesgo más importantes para sufrir enfermedades y una de las causas de muerte más representativas. La sociedad propone alternativas, pero cada vez más sedentarias y es por ello que la práctica deportiva debe potenciarse para ayudar a tener una buena calidad de vida, mejorando a nivel físico, pero también a nivel de autoconcepto, rendimiento académico y a nivel social, por lo que es una buena herramienta para propiciar el desarrollo integral de las personas. En este estudio se ha analizado el autoconcepto, el rendimiento académico y la práctica deportiva extraescolar de los alumnos, con la intención de comprobar si el hecho de realizar práctica extraescolar o no, supone cambios en los niveles de autoconcepto y rendimiento académico, así como comprobar si existe significación en la relación entre el autoconcepto de los alumnos y su rendimiento académico. Los resultados muestran que los alumnos que practican deporte extraescolar obtienen mejores medias de autoconcepto y rendimiento académico, de la misma manera que las mujeres obtienen medias más altas que los hombres, aunque solamente se puede decir que existan diferencias significativas en los valores de autoconcepto en función del curso al que pertenecen

Analysis of perceptions related to gender stereotypes in secondary education – a gender comparison

Breaking gender stereotypes and overcoming them continue to be a challenge in today's society. Gender stereotypes may have negative consequences during the school stage and can be also perpetuated in adulthood. To avoid the development of gender stereotypes, the educational environment (specifically physical education) can be used to teach values that avoid actions that perpetuate such stereotypes. However, before initiating an intervention program or an action by teachers, it is essential to know the students' perception regarding gender inequality and stereotypes and how they act in response to them. Thus, this study aims to recognize and describe the attitudes of secondary school students towards gender equality by trying to identify possible differences between men and women. Specifically, the opinions of 91 male and female students from 3rd and 4th grade (aged 15-16 years old) of ESO (mandatory secondary education) in Spain were collected through a questionnaire that was based on validated scales that exist in the literature. This questionnaire consists of 30 items that make up 3 levels of analysis: sociocultural, relational and personal. The obtained results allow us to conclude that there are significant gender differences, and boys and girls have different opinions regarding gender stereotypes in sociocultural, relational and personal aspects. In general, analysed boys are less likely to change stereotypes than the girls. This result suggests that gender stereotypes do not develop equally in men and women at the secondary school stage, which allows us to determine which aspects differ according to gender so that in the future interventions can be implemented to solve the appearance of these stereotypes. Finally, practical implications and pedagogical proposals are presented, which highlight coeducation as the main methodology.Educació

Introducción de LinkedIn en la gestión del deporte para crear entornos de aprendizaje en línea

[EN] Social media have become a valuable resource for the teaching community, enabling online teaching and learning environments to be created. These tools have gained prominence as a result of the pandemic caused by the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, making it viable to continue teaching through these channels. On the other hand, social media are a fundamental element in the day-to- day work of sport managers, being a very useful tool for managing aspects as diverse as brand image, fan engagement and sponsorship. This work shares an educational innovation named "LinkedIn (r)evolution", carried out with a total of 118 students (72.4% men and 27.6% women) of sport management from two Spanish universities. In order to assess the impact of the experience, students completed a short questionnaire through LimeSurvey at the end of the innovation, scoring a battery of items on various aspects related to educational innovation, following a scale from 1 to 10. The results obtained are very positive, with scores above 7.5 points on average. Based on these, it is determined that LinkedIn can be a good resource for generating online or blended learning environments.[ES] Los medios sociales se han convertido en un recurso para la comunidad docente permitiendo generar entornos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en línea. Estos han adquirido protagonismo a raíz de la pandemia provocada por la expansión del virus SARS-CoV-2, posibilitando que la docencia pueda seguir realizándose a través de estos canales. Por otra parte, los medios sociales son un elemento fundamental en el día a día del gestor del deporte, siendo una herramienta de gran utilidad para gestionar aspectos tan diversos como la imagen de marca, el “engagement” con los aficionados o los patrocinios. En este trabajo se comparte la innovación educativa “LinkedIn (r)evolution”, realizada con un total de 105 estudiantes (72,4% hombres y 27,6% mujeres) de gestión del deporte de dos universidades españolas. Para valorar el impacto de la experiencia, el alumnado completó un pequeño cuestionario a través de LimeSurvey al finalizar la innovación, puntuando una batería de ítems sobre diversos aspectos vinculados a la innovación educativa, siguiendo una escala del 1 al 10. Los resultados obtenidos son muy positivos, con puntuaciones superiores a los 7,5 puntos de media. Con base a estos, se determina que LinkedIn puede ser un buen recurso para generar espacios de aprendizaje en línea o mixtos.López-Carril, S.; González-Serrano, M.; Escamilla-Fajardo, P. (2021). Introducción de LinkedIn en la gestión del deporte para crear entornos de aprendizaje en línea. En IN-RED 2021: VII Congreso de Innovación Edicativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 598-605. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2021.2021.1379659860

Physical Education classes, sports motivation and adolescence : study of some moderating variables

Adolescence is considered a stage in which there are high rates of sports drop out, and this evidence justifies the need to study those factors that may affect this fact. Importance and Utility of Physical Education Perception (IUPEP) is shown in the literature as a factor to consider when studying this phenomenon, and seems to be affected by the Sport Motivation (SM) of young people. Although the relationship between these two constructs has been studied, it has not been the moderating role that other constructs such as the Professor Learning Climate (PLC) or Student Learning Orientation (SLO) can have in this relationship. The present study analyzes the relationship between IUPEP and SM, as well as the moderating role of PLC and SLO in this relationship. This analyses was performed using the PROCESS macro (Hayes, 2013), designed for testing the moderation by directly assessing the significance of the indirect effect of the independent variable (X; SM) on the dependent variable (Y; IUPEP) through two moderators: PLC (M) and SLO (W). The study was carried out with 267 adolescents from eight classes of public centers in Valencia, aged between 11 and 18 years (mean = 14.04 ± 1.64), 52.8% male. The results suggest that Sports Motivation explains 21% of the Importance and Utility of Physical Education Perception, and, in addition, a moderating role of Professor Learning Climate and Student Learning Orientation in this relationship is observed.La adolescencia está considerada como una etapa en la que existen altas tasas de abandono deportivo, y esta evidencia justifica la necesidad de estudio de aquellos factores que puedan afectar a este hecho. La Percepción de la importancia y utilidad otorgada a la educación física (IUPEP) se muestra en la literatura como un factor a considerar a la hora de estudiar este fenómeno, y parece estar afectada por la motivación deportiva (SM) de los jóvenes. Aunque la relación entre estos dos constructos ha sido estudiada, no lo ha sido el papel moderador que pueden tener en esta relación otros constructos como el clima de aprendizaje propiciado por el profesor (PLC) o la orientación al aprendizaje del alumno (SLO). El presente estudio analiza la relación entre IUPEP y SM, así como el papel moderador de PLC y SLO en dicha relación. Para el análisis se utiliza la macro PROCESS (Hayes, 2013), diseñada para testear la moderación mediante la evaluación de la importancia del efecto indirecto de la variable independiente (X; SM) sobre la variable dependiente (Y; IUPEP), a través de dos moderadores: PLC (M) y SLO (W). El estudio se llevó a cabo con 267 adolescentes de ocho clases de centros públicos de Valencia, con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 18 años, (Media=14.04 ± 1.64), 52.8 % varones. Los resultados sugieren que la motivación deportiva explica en 21% de la percepción de la importancia y utilidad de las clases de educación física, además de observarse un papel moderador del clima de aprendizaje propiciado por el profesor y la orientación al aprendizaje del alumno en esta relación