An Integrated Approach for Saturation Modeling Using Hydraulic Flow Units: Examples from the Upper Messinian Reservoir

The Upper Messinian reservoirs located in the Salma Field of the Nile Delta area contain variable facies. The key reservoir interval of the Abu Madi Formation was deposited in fluvial to deltaic environments. These fine-grained facies form significant reservoir heterogeneity within the reservoir intervals. The main challenges in this study are reservoir characterizing and predicting the change in reservoir water saturation (SW) with time, while reservoir production life based on the change in reservoir capillary pressure (Pc). This work applies petrophysical analysis to enable the definition and calculation of the hydrocarbon reserves within the key reservoir units. Mapping of SW away from the wellbores within geo-models represents a significant challenge. The rock types and flow unit analysis indicate that the reservoir is dominated by four hydraulic flow units. HFU#1 represents the highest flow zone indicator (FZI) value. Core analysis has been completed to better understand the relationship between SW and the reservoir capillary pressure above the fluid contact and free water level (FWL), which is used to perform saturation height function (SHF) analysis. The calculated SW values that are obtained from logs are affected by formation water resistivity (Rw) and log true resistivity (RT), which are influenced by the volume of clay content and mud salinity. This study introduces an integrated approach, including evaluation of core measurements, well log analysis covering cored and non-cored intervals, neural analysis techniques (K-mode algorithm), and permeability prediction in non-cored intervals. The empirical formula was predicted for direct calculation of dynamic SW profiles and predicted within the reservoir above the FWL based on the change in reservoir pressure

Effect of Closed Versus Open Suction System on Cardiopulmonary Parameters of Ventilated Neonates

Abstract: Removal of airway secretion is required in many neonates in the intensive care setting, and the process is most critical with respiratory problems. Clearance of secretions is essential in the mechanically ventilated neonates, because these neonates breathe slowly through an artificial airway. So, accumulation of secretions can lead to airway occlusion, serious physiological abnormalities and even death. Therefore, suctioning is essential for removing secretions and maintaining airway patency. This study aimed to determine the effect of closed versus open suction system on the cardiopulmonary parameters of ventilated neonates. The study was conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at El-Shatby Maternity University Hospital in Alexandria. A Convenient sample of 60 neonates was randomly assigned into two groups. Thirty neonates (group A) were suctioned by closed suction system, and the other 30 neonates (group B) were suctioned by open suction system. The results revealed that that the closed suction system was more effective in maintaining the oxygen saturation, capillary refill and has less negative impact on the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmia as cardiopulmonary parameters. Other physiological parameters were also better maintained with closed than open suction system

Ensiling Characteristics, In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Patterns, Feed Degradability, and Methane and Ammonia Production of Berseem (<i>Trifolium alexandrinum</i> L.) Co-Ensiled with Artichoke Bracts (<i>Cynara cardunculus</i> L.)

This study investigated the effect of co-ensiling increasing levels of artichoke bracts (Cynara cardunculus L.) with berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, respectively) on silage quality after 0, 30, 60, and 120 days. Moreover, the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3-N) production were evaluated using a buffalo inoculum source. The results showed that pH of the silage and the concentration of acetic, propionic, butyric acid, and NH3-N significantly decreased (L; p p p 3-N concentration was recorded with 500 g/kg of forage mixtures. As the artichoke bract concentration increased, the partitioning factor and ruminal pH declined linearly (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences were observed for total volatile fatty acids and volatile fatty acids molar proportions. In summary, co-ensiling artichoke bracts with berseem at a ratio of 1:1 might be a promising and easy method for the production of high-quality silage from legume forage with positively manipulating rumen fermentation

Dietary Supplementation of Seaweed (Ulva lactuca) to alleviate the Impact of Heat Stress in Growing Lambs

Several environmental and nutritional management approaches have been used to mitigate heat stress and improve performance of farm animals in semi-arid and arid regions. The present study was designed with the intention to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress and to promote the performance of growing lambs reared under hot environmental conditions. The study was conducted on 18 male Naimey lambs with average body weight of 22.78±0.49 kg, and 4-5 months old. The animals were randomly divided into 3 equal groups (A, B and C), and fed diets containing different concentrations of seaweed (Ulva lactuca) for 90 days. Group A served as control and was offered diet containing 0.0% seaweed. Groups B and C served as treated groups and were offered diets containing 3.0 and 5.0% seaweed, respectively. Dietary inclusion of seaweed to the diet of growing lambs exposed to heat stress (max Ta 43.9oC, max RH 81.1%, max THI 84.6) neither influenced (P>0.05) the thermo-physiological parameters (rectal and skin temperatures), nor affected (P>0.05) the performance parameters (feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency). Furthermore, dietary seaweed supplementation did not alter (P>0.05) blood constituents or blood antioxidant capacity. However, dietary seaweed supplementation significantly (P<0.05) reduced respiratory rate, and increased serum potassium concentration. Based on the data of the present study, seaweed (Ulva lactuca) supplementation to the diets of growing lambs reared under heat stress conditions did not show any indication of promoting their production performance or heat tolerance