Desenvolupament i canvi d'us de la masia "Mas el Bosc" ubicada al municipi de Muntanyola

`El treball que es vol dur a terme consisteix en la diagnosi, el projecte i la restauració de la masia «Mas el Bosc», situada al terme municipal de Muntanyola. Per fer això, és necessari seguir un ordre conforme s’avança en la seva realització: En primer lloc és imprescindible l’aixecament de plànols de les tres plantes, dels alçats de les façanes i de les seccions necessàries per definir bé tots els elements que hi apareixen. No s’ha realitzat mai abans una tasca d’aquest tipus, amb la qual cosa caldrà començar de zero fins arribar a detallar tot el que sigui necessari descriure, per garantir-ne la correcta comprensió . El segon pas és la descripció de l’estat actual. Als plànols realitzats, se’ls sumarà la redacció d’una memòria on s’especificarà tota la informació necessària per comprendre la masia i els elements que la conformen. A aquesta memòria s’hi afegirà també un estudi de les lesions que s’hi poden trobar a la masia. També es realitzarà un estudi històric documentat des del moment en què es va iniciar la construcció. Com la majoria de masies va créixer de forma gradual en el temps, fins arribar a les importants dimensions actuals. Aquest creixement anava lligat a la situació econòmica dels propietaris en cada moment. Pel tipus de materials emprats podem conèixer l’època de construcció, la situació econòmica que vivien els propietaris i les seves necessitats. L’origen de la masia està datat aproximadament de l’any 1617, i des de llavors trobem indicis de varietat d’èpoques històriques: pedres datades l’any 1774, llindes de fusta amb data de l’any 1792. El quart apartat és la diagnosi i intervenció en les lesions existents. Després d’haver fet una descripció completa i detallada de l’estat actual, ja ens podem plantejar una diagnosi de les lesions i mancances existents. El principal objectiu és trobar les causes que les originen i buscar una solució (intervenció) amb el mínim impacte estètic i econòmic. Com a tècnics, la nostra feina serà seleccionar entre totes les possibles solucions, la més encertada per a la nostra masia. Aquí no només és important solucionar les mancances Desenvolupament i canvi d’ús de la masia «Mas el Bosc» ubicada al municipi de Muntanyola 5 estructurals de l’edifici, sinó que també s’ha de buscar una harmonia amb l’element existent. Tal com s’ha dit en l’apartat d’objectius, s’intentarà diferenciar sempre visualment els elements antics dels nous, donant a aquests últims un caràcter senzill i auster. Aquest punt però, estarà lligat en tot moment al que vindrà a continuació: el canvi d’ús. Qualsevol rehabilitació ha de ser pensada partint del futur ús que es farà de l’edifici, per tal que la solució s’adeqüi a les necessitats futures. Un cop s’hagin diagnosticat les diferents lesions, podem dur a terme el canvi d’ús: l’adequació per a una casa de colònies. Es realitzarà un projecte d’ordenació i distribució interiors d’acord amb el futur ús del «Bosc». Caldrà incorporar nous elements constructius, amb el sistema adequat d’instal·lacions i subministrament. Es tindrà en compte l’ús de nous materials i de materials reciclats per crear les divisions interiors necessàries, els paviments, etc. En tot moment s’intentaran preservar o recuperar els elements originals, abans de ser substituïts per uns de nous. Per últim, completarem el projecte urbanitzant l’entorn més proper a la masia, sempre pensant en les necessitats futures. En tractar-se d’una casa de colònies, seran necessàries unes mínimes vies d’accés tant per a visitants, com per a vehicles de subministrament. S’haurà de disposar d’una petita zona d’aparcament de vehicles, però sobretot s’haurà d’urbanitzar pensant en les característiques paisatgístiques. Un dels principals objectius del projecte és donar un servei on la natura i la vegetació tinguin un paper important, a part d’una zona d’oci i esbarjo com serà una pista poliesportiva i una piscina; per tant, el projecte inclourà també la rehabilitació de les zones pròximes a la masia

Are there so many congeneric species of chironomid larvae in a small stream?

The co-occurrence of larvae of congeneric chironomid species is common in natural stream assemblages, and raises the problem of finding mechanisms to explain the co-existence of species with similar ecological requirements. In this contribution, we explored the co-occurrence of chironomid larvae belonging to congeneric species within four genera of chironomids: Cricotopus, Eukiefferiella, Orthocladius and Rheocricotopus (with 2, 7, 2 and 4 species, respectively) in the headwaters of a small Mediterranean calcareous stream. Due to the intrinsic, natural spatial and temporal variability in these habitats, we studied three different sites at two different seasons within the annual hydrological cycle (spring vs summer samples), and each microhabitat unit was surveyed with an effort proportional to its cover at the sampling site. The Outlying Median Index method was used to distinguish the niches of the different chironomid species in relation to the hydraulic features and substrates within each site. Our results showed that hydraulic features helped to improve discrimination between the niches of five congeneric species of Eukiefferiella, and the same occurred within the species belonging to Cricotopus and Orthocladius, although niche overlap was high in general. One Rheocricotopus species was associated to algal substrate. Schoener's co-occurrence at the microhabitat scale was low among the congeneric species found in our study, suggesting exclusion mechanisms. Flow regime, substrate type and shifts in environmental conditions may favor the settlement of some species to the detriment of other congeneric ones, but other mechanisms such as lottery competition, diffusion competition or predation should be considered in further studies

Efficacy of eminectomy in the treatment of prolonged mandibular dislocation

Surgery of the temporomandibular joint is indicated for different clinical situations, including internal derangements, hipomobility, hipermobility, pathology and trauma. Mandibular dislocation is an acute painful condition that causes severe functional limitation. Manual reduction, with or without pharmacological assistance, is the treatment of choice and should be performed as early as possible. On rare situations mandibular dislocation may not be perceived by the patient and remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed for a long period. This may include severe illness, neurological diseases and prolonged intensive care hospitalization with oral intubation and sedation. Treatment of prolonged mandibular dislocation is different. Morphological changes of the joint and associated structures will prevent successful manual reduction even with the patient under general anesthesia. Basically, two types of surgery may be indicated: elimination of the articular eminence (eminectomy) or reestablishment of a new condyle - ramus relationship, that can be achieved by condilotomy. This article reports a case of prolonged mandibular dislocation that was treated surgically with success. A review of the literature is performed by authors and advantages and disadvantages of each type of treatment are discussed

Trawl Selectivity in the Barents Sea Demersal Fishery

This chapter provides a general overview of the Barents Sea demersal trawl fishery. First, it reviews historical catch levels and current biomass status of four commercially important demersal species (cod, haddock, Greenland halibut, and redfish) and includes an overview of their management plan that has been carried out by the Joint Norwegian–Russian commission. Then, it presents the evolution of the technical regulations for improving size selectivity in this fishery and describes current challenges in gear selectivity. Later, this chapter describes the concept of size selectivity, introduces the selective parameters that define a selection curve, and progressively introduces different parametric models that describe the selection process. The most common experimental methods and gear used to collect selectivity data are described, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, this chapter describes an alternative, or a complementary method, to the conventional estimation of trawl selectivity—the FISHSELECT method. This method is based on morphology measurements and fish penetration models to estimate the selective properties of different mesh shapes and sizes at different mesh openings, which are later used to provide simulation-based prediction of size selectivity. FISHSELECT has already been applied to four important species of the Barents Sea Demersal Fishery, and the results have in all cases showed to be coherent with the results obtained from sea trial results

Congenital anomalies from a physics perspective. The key role of "manufacturing" volatility

Genetic and environmental factors are traditionally seen as the sole causes of congenital anomalies. In this paper we introduce a third possible cause, namely random "manufacturing" discrepancies with respect to ``design'' values. A clear way to demonstrate the existence of this component is to ``shut'' the two others and to see whether or not there is remaining variability. Perfect clones raised under well controlled laboratory conditions fulfill the conditions for such a test. Carried out for four different species, the test reveals a variability remainder of the order of 10%-20% in terms of coefficient of variation. As an example, the CV of the volume of E.coli bacteria immediately after binary fission is of the order of 10%. In short, ``manufacturing'' discrepancies occur randomly, even when no harmful mutation or environmental factors are involved. Not surprisingly, there is a strong connection between congenital defects and infant mortality. In the wake of birth there is a gradual elimination of defective units and this screening accounts for the post-natal fall of infant mortality. Apart from this trend, post-natal death rates also have humps and peaks associated with various inabilities and defects.\qL In short, infant mortality rates convert the case-by-case and mostly qualitative problem of congenital malformations into a global quantitative effect which, so to say, summarizes and registers what goes wrong in the embryonic phase. Based on the natural assumption that for simple organisms (e.g. rotifers) the manufacturing processes are shorter than for more complex organisms (e.g. mammals), fewer congenital anomalies are expected. Somehow, this feature should be visible on the infant mortality rate. How this conjecture can be tested is outlined in our conclusion.Comment: 43 pages, 9 figure

A Sub-Picosecond Digital Clock Monitoring System

We describe a low-cost system designed to monitor wander in digital clocks with a precision of $\le$ 1 ps. With this system we have shown that it is possible to track phase variations at the sub-picosecond level by adding noise to a reference clock. As in many cases where a clock is part of a complex distribution network small changes in temperature and other effects can lead to small changes in the a clock's phase. As a further demonstration of the system, we have used it to measure the phase changes induced in optical signals in fibers.Comment: 19 pages 26 figure

The effect of semi-pelagic trawling on american plaice (hippoglossoides platessoides) by-catch reduction in the northeast arctic shrimp fishery

The present study reports results of a small-scale preliminary experiment to evaluate whether lifting trawl doors and sweeps from the seabed can lead to a reduction of by-catch in the Northeast Arctic shrimp trawl fishery. We carried out a catch comparison and catch ratio analysis between two gear configurations: one with trawl doors and sweeps on the seabed (traditional rigging) and the other with doors and sweeps clear of the seabed (semi-pelagic rigging). The study focused on the by-catch of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and showed that the gear was significantly less efficient at catching this species when rigged in the semi-pelagic mode. When rigged this way, the gear captured 52%–66% fewer American plaice between 10 and 40 cm compared to traditional rigging. Moreover, this difference was significant for sizes between 12 and 31 cm, and it increased with fish size. The herding efficiency of doors and sweeps for American plaice was estimated to be 100% and significantly higher than 0 for these sizes. Finally, the analysis carried out did not detect a significant reduction in shrimp catch (in kg) with the experimental gear. This study demonstrates that in addition to having recognized environmental advantages, lifting the doors and sweeps from the seabed could help mitigate American plaice by-catch in the Northeast Arctic shrimp fishery. Although these preliminary results are promising, more extensive data collection is required before definitive conclusions can be reached.acceptedVersionpublishedVersio