31 research outputs found

    Novo método de recobrimento de substratos em pó com nanopartículas : aplicação em catálise e nanopartículas magnéticas

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    A busca para obter produtos com o menor custo, sem gerar resíduos, mantendo ou melhorando suas propriedades físico-químicas, é constante do ponto de vista tecnológico. A tecnologia de revestimento/impregnação de suportes particulados é uma das áreas que busca não só novos materiais que venham atender cada vez melhor a produção de materiais mais leves e mais resistentes, mas melhorar cada vez mais as suas interfaces, possibilitando reações químicas e físicas distintas. Esta Tese de Doutorado, avaliou a produção de nanopartículas metálicas depositadas sobre substratos em pó através do método de deposição física por pulverização catódica, “sputtering”. Este método devido ao sistema de vibração ressonante apresentou grande eficiência, permitindo que o substrato revolucionasse completamente o pó, originando uma distribuição homogênea sobre todo o substrato, sobre cada cristal componente no pó. Este trabalho teve como objetivo não só desenvolver o equipamento que atenda a deposição de nanopartículas homogeneamente, mas que possa ser utilizado por outros centros de pesquisa, desde que já tenham o sistema de sputtering, não precisando da confecção de um sistema complexo, permitindo assim a investigação e o avanço na síntese de materiais avançados na comunidade científica. A vantagem deste processo, relacionado com os processos convencionais, é de poder realizar em torno de 20 amostras diferentes em apenas um dia, sem necessitar ativar a superfície e sem gerar resíduos, como acontece com processos químicos, que podem consumir 96 horas de processo e com geração de resíduos como solventes e água utilizada. Os materiais investigados, durante a evolução e testes do equipamento foram nanopartículas de Au, Cu, Ni e Pd. Para caracterização foram utilizadas várias técnicas, desde difração de RX, SAXS, MEV, TEM, STEM, BET e UV-vis. Estas técnicas foram usadas no desenvolvimento do equipamento e dos processos utilizados nas aplicações dos nanopartículados como em catálise, recuperação de catalisadores, por exemplo. As investigações sobre a eficácia do método abordaram a formação de enzimas magnéticas, inovando na área de biocatalizadores magnéticos utilizando nanopartículas de Ni; catalisadores de Pd que foram investigados na reação de hidrogenação e um protótipo de sensor de mercúrio produzido com nanopartículas de Au. Os testes mostraram a eficácia do processo levando a um futuro promissor para todos os processos que apresentam dificuldades na formação de nanopartículas.The quest to obtain products at the lowest cost, and without generate waste while maintaining or improving their physicochemical properties, is constant from a technological standpoint. The coating technology of particulate supporters, also called impregnation, is one field that aims not only to attend the production of lighter and more resistant materials, but also to help the continuing improvement of the interfaces, enabling different physical and chemical reactions. This thesis tested the production of metallic nanoparticles deposited on powder substrates by sputtering process. This process had a high efficiency due to an oscillation system added at the equipment, allowing the powder substrate to rotate completely, leading toa more homogeneous distribution of the coating over the entire substrate. Beyond the objective of confection of equipment that can allow homogeneous nanoparticle deposition, this work can help both the characterization and testing of nanoparticles developed by chemical methods. The advantage of this process, when compared to the conventional ways, is the production of approximately 20 samples of different properties, as percentage of mass and size, during one single day, neither triggering the surface nor generating waste, against the 96 hours of chemical process and generation of chemicals, as solvents and water, to test only one size of nanoparticle. The investigated materials during the development and testing of this equipment were Au, Cu, Ni and Pd nanoparticles. Several techniques of characterization were applied to test the samples as RX diffraction, SAXS, MEV, TEM, STEM, BET and UV-VIS and they were used according to the development of the equipment and based on nanoparticle processes. Research on the effectiveness of the method approached the magnetic formation of enzymes, innovating in the area of biocatalysts using Ni magnetic nanoparticles; Pd catalysts that have been investigated in the hydrogenation reaction, and a prototype mercury sensor produced with Au nanoparticles. Tests showed the effectiveness of the methode leading to a promising future for all processes that have difficulties in forming nanoparticles. The process of sputtering is widely used in industry and for the production of nanoparticles on powdered substrates is very simple allowing easily largescale implementation.The results presented during this thesis enlighten the process‘ speed and significantly reduction of production of waste, encouraging the application of this equipment at industry

    FOTOPROTEÇÃO DOS BROCOSSOMOS DE OVOS DE CIGARRINHAS (CICADELLIDAE: CICADELLINAE, PROCONIINI)

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    A produção de brocossomos, corpos ultramicroscópicos reticulados e produzidos pelos tubos de Malpighi das cigarrinhas é uma característica única de Cicadellidae. Os brocossomos de ovos ocorrem nas fêmeas e localizam-se junto à metade apical das asas anteriores, em forma de massas convexas. As cigarrinhas utilizam os brocossomos espalhando-os diretamente sobre a postura ou sobre a cicatriz provocada na folha para a inclusão dos ovos. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades fotoprotetoras para radiação infravermelha e ultravioleta dos brocossomos de ovos de cigarrinhas (Proconiini). As coletas dos espécimes foram conduzidas em quatro vinhedos nos municípios de Bento Gonçalves e Pinto Bandeira. Em cada área foram instalados 40 cartões adesivos amarelos (8,5 x 11,5cm), distribuídos em 20 pontos, com dois cartões em cada ponto (45cm acima do solo e 45cm acima da lâmina foliar). A cada 15 dias os cartões usados foram substituídos durante o período de 01 a 12/2011. Os proconiínios que apresentavam brocossomos de ovos foram retirados das placas e identificados. Amostras dos brocossomos foram examinadas e fotografadas com o auxílio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Para avaliar os brocossomos à exposição luminosa utilizou-se um espectrofotômetro Varian Cary 5000 com esfera integradora para medir a refletância do espectro eletromagnético, compreendido entre o ultravioleta e o infravermelho. Foi constatado que os brocossomos apresentam uma refletância superior a 60% da irradiância, responsável pelo aumento de temperatura, observado na região do vermelho e infravermelho. Contudo, essas ultraestruturas depositadas sobre as posturas dos insetos não constituem uma barreira eficiente como fotoproteção à radiação ultravioleta

    Tunneling effects in confined gold nanoparticle hydrogenation catalysts

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    Clean surface gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of ∼6.6 nm that were confined in ionic liquid (IL) cages of hybrid γ-alumina (γ-Al2O3) displayed hydrogenation pathways in the reduction of trans-cinnamaldehyde distinct from those imprinted directly onto γ-Al2O3. Hydrogen activation proceeded via homolytic activation in IL-encapsulated AuNPs and via heterolytic cleavage for IL-free supported AuNPs. Higher negative apparent entropy (ΔSapp) values were obtained for the IL-confined AuNPs compared to the non-hybrid catalyst (Au/γ-Al2O3), suggesting a decrease in the number of microstates induced by the nano-confined environment. High kinetic isotope effect (KIE) values (kH/kD = 2.5-2.9 at 273 K) and Arrhenius convex curves were observed. Furthermore, differences of 5.6 and 6.2 kJ mol-1 between the apparent activation energies of the deuteration and hydrogenation reactions (E-E) associated with pre-exponential factor ratios (AD/AH) of 4.6 and 5.1 provided strong evidence of the possible involvement of a tunneling pathway in the case of the confined AuNPs

    Revealing Hydrogenation Reaction Pathways on Naked Gold Nanoparticles

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    © 2017 American Chemical Society. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) display distinct characteristics as hydrogenation catalysts, with higher selectivity and lower catalytic activity than group 8-10 metals. The ability of AuNPs to chemisorb/activate simple molecules is limited by the low coordination number of the surface sites. Understanding the distinct pathways involved in the hydrogenation reactions promoted by supported AuNPs is crucial for broadening their potential catalytic applications. In this study, we demonstrate that the mechanism of the hydrogenation reactions catalyzed by AuNPs with "clean" surfaces may proceed via homolytic or heterolytic hydrogen activation depending on the nature of the support. The synthesis of naked AuNPs employing γ-Al2O3 and ionic liquid (IL)-hybrid γ-Al2O3 supports was accomplished by sputtering deposition using ultrapure gold foils. This highly reproducible and straightforward procedure furnishes small (∼6.6 nm) and well-distributed metallic gold nanoparticles (Au(0)NPs) that are found to be active catalysts for the partial and selective hydrogenation of substituted conjugated dienes, alkynes, and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones). Kinetic and deuterium labeling studies indicate that heterolytic hydrogen activation is the primary pathway occurring on the AuNPs imprinted directly on γ-Al2O3. In contrast, AuNPs supported on IL-hybrid γ-Al2O3 materials cause the reaction to proceed via a homolytic hydrogen activation pathway. The IL layer surrounds the AuNPs and acts as a cage, influencing the frequency of the interaction of the catalytically active species and the metal surface and, consequently, the catalytic performance of the AuNPs. The IL layer is shown to improve the product selectivity by the enhancement of the substrate/product discrimination, and to decrease the catalytic activity by shifting the rate-determining step to the H2 and substrate competitive adsorption/activation on the same active sites. A series of kinetic experiments suggest that AuNPs imprinted on an IL-hybrid γ-Al2O3 support are more efficient (lower activation energy, Ea) than group 8-10 metal based catalysts for hydrogenation reactions at moderate to high temperatures (75-150 °C)

    Reduced graphene oxide decorated with Ni-Fe-Mo permalloy obtained by sputtering

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    This work illustrates an effective method for obtaining hybrid nanoparticles of Ni-Fe-Mo permalloy and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The metallic nanoparticles were spread by the sputtering technique, which allowed a good dispersion of the metallic nanoparticles onto rGO substrate powder. TEM showed permalloy nanoparticles smaller than 8 nm uniformly distributed throughout rGO. Permalloy/rGO hybrid with 10.5 wt% loading of permalloy nanoparticles was calculated by TGA. RBS experiment reveals that permalloy target and the nano-particles deposited have similar composition. The interaction between permalloy and rGO was studied by FT-IR. Ni-Fe-Mo/rGO presented an electrical conductivity of 122 Scm -¹, significantly higher than the original rGO and a magnetization hysteresis-loop coercivity of 16 Oe at room temperature. To our knowledge this is the first work in which permalloy nanoparticles are deposited onto graphene powder substrate by a physical impregnation technique

    Hybrid tantalum oxide nanoparticles from the hydrolysis of imidazolium tantalate ionic liquids: efficient catalysts for hydrogen generation from ethanol/water solutions

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    The reaction of equimolar amounts of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMI·Cl) or 1-n-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (DMI·Cl) with TaCl5 affords imidazolium tantalate ionic liquids (ILs) BMI·TaCl61 and DMI·TaCl62. The hydrolysis of ILs 1 and 2 yields hybrid-like tantalum oxide nanoparticles (NPs) with size distribution dependent on the nature of the IL used (3.8–22 nm from IL 1 and 1.5–6 nm from 2). A significant aggregation/agglomeration of the particles was observed after the removal of the IL content of the hybrid material by calcination, forming predominantly large particles (mainly bulk tantalum oxides). These new hybrid-like Ta2O5/IL NPs are highly active photocatalyst nanomaterials for hydrogen production by reforming of ethanol at ambient temperature. Hydrogen evolution rates up to 7.2 mmol H2 g−1 h−1 and high apparent quantum yields up to 17% were measured. The hybrid-like Ta2O5/IL NPs sputtered-decorated with ultra-small Pt NPs (1.0 ± 0.3 nm) as co-catalysts reached activities leading to even higher hydrogen production (9.2 H2 mmol g−1 h−1; apparent quantum yield of 22%). The calcined materials (with or without Pt NPs) showed much lower photocatalytic activity under the same reaction conditions (up to 2.8 mmol g−1 of H2). The remarkable activity of the hybrid-like Ta2O5/IL NPs may be related to the presence of the remaining IL that provides hydrophilic regions, facilitating the approach of polar molecules (water and alcohol) to the semiconductor active photocatalytic sites

    Novo método de recobrimento de substratos em pó com nanopartículas : aplicação em catálise e nanopartículas magnéticas

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    A busca para obter produtos com o menor custo, sem gerar resíduos, mantendo ou melhorando suas propriedades físico-químicas, é constante do ponto de vista tecnológico. A tecnologia de revestimento/impregnação de suportes particulados é uma das áreas que busca não só novos materiais que venham atender cada vez melhor a produção de materiais mais leves e mais resistentes, mas melhorar cada vez mais as suas interfaces, possibilitando reações químicas e físicas distintas. Esta Tese de Doutorado, avaliou a produção de nanopartículas metálicas depositadas sobre substratos em pó através do método de deposição física por pulverização catódica, “sputtering”. Este método devido ao sistema de vibração ressonante apresentou grande eficiência, permitindo que o substrato revolucionasse completamente o pó, originando uma distribuição homogênea sobre todo o substrato, sobre cada cristal componente no pó. Este trabalho teve como objetivo não só desenvolver o equipamento que atenda a deposição de nanopartículas homogeneamente, mas que possa ser utilizado por outros centros de pesquisa, desde que já tenham o sistema de sputtering, não precisando da confecção de um sistema complexo, permitindo assim a investigação e o avanço na síntese de materiais avançados na comunidade científica. A vantagem deste processo, relacionado com os processos convencionais, é de poder realizar em torno de 20 amostras diferentes em apenas um dia, sem necessitar ativar a superfície e sem gerar resíduos, como acontece com processos químicos, que podem consumir 96 horas de processo e com geração de resíduos como solventes e água utilizada. Os materiais investigados, durante a evolução e testes do equipamento foram nanopartículas de Au, Cu, Ni e Pd. Para caracterização foram utilizadas várias técnicas, desde difração de RX, SAXS, MEV, TEM, STEM, BET e UV-vis. Estas técnicas foram usadas no desenvolvimento do equipamento e dos processos utilizados nas aplicações dos nanopartículados como em catálise, recuperação de catalisadores, por exemplo. As investigações sobre a eficácia do método abordaram a formação de enzimas magnéticas, inovando na área de biocatalizadores magnéticos utilizando nanopartículas de Ni; catalisadores de Pd que foram investigados na reação de hidrogenação e um protótipo de sensor de mercúrio produzido com nanopartículas de Au. Os testes mostraram a eficácia do processo levando a um futuro promissor para todos os processos que apresentam dificuldades na formação de nanopartículas.The quest to obtain products at the lowest cost, and without generate waste while maintaining or improving their physicochemical properties, is constant from a technological standpoint. The coating technology of particulate supporters, also called impregnation, is one field that aims not only to attend the production of lighter and more resistant materials, but also to help the continuing improvement of the interfaces, enabling different physical and chemical reactions. This thesis tested the production of metallic nanoparticles deposited on powder substrates by sputtering process. This process had a high efficiency due to an oscillation system added at the equipment, allowing the powder substrate to rotate completely, leading toa more homogeneous distribution of the coating over the entire substrate. Beyond the objective of confection of equipment that can allow homogeneous nanoparticle deposition, this work can help both the characterization and testing of nanoparticles developed by chemical methods. The advantage of this process, when compared to the conventional ways, is the production of approximately 20 samples of different properties, as percentage of mass and size, during one single day, neither triggering the surface nor generating waste, against the 96 hours of chemical process and generation of chemicals, as solvents and water, to test only one size of nanoparticle. The investigated materials during the development and testing of this equipment were Au, Cu, Ni and Pd nanoparticles. Several techniques of characterization were applied to test the samples as RX diffraction, SAXS, MEV, TEM, STEM, BET and UV-VIS and they were used according to the development of the equipment and based on nanoparticle processes. Research on the effectiveness of the method approached the magnetic formation of enzymes, innovating in the area of biocatalysts using Ni magnetic nanoparticles; Pd catalysts that have been investigated in the hydrogenation reaction, and a prototype mercury sensor produced with Au nanoparticles. Tests showed the effectiveness of the methode leading to a promising future for all processes that have difficulties in forming nanoparticles. The process of sputtering is widely used in industry and for the production of nanoparticles on powdered substrates is very simple allowing easily largescale implementation.The results presented during this thesis enlighten the process‘ speed and significantly reduction of production of waste, encouraging the application of this equipment at industry
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