Frequentist and Bayesian measures of confidence via multiscale bootstrap for testing three regions

A new computation method of frequentist $p$-values and Bayesian posterior probabilities based on the bootstrap probability is discussed for the multivariate normal model with unknown expectation parameter vector. The null hypothesis is represented as an arbitrary-shaped region. We introduce new parametric models for the scaling-law of bootstrap probability so that the multiscale bootstrap method, which was designed for one-sided test, can also computes confidence measures of two-sided test, extending applicability to a wider class of hypotheses. Parameter estimation is improved by the two-step multiscale bootstrap and also by including higher-order terms. Model selection is important not only as a motivating application of our method, but also as an essential ingredient in the method. A compromise between frequentist and Bayesian is attempted by showing that the Bayesian posterior probability with an noninformative prior is interpreted as a frequentist $p$-value of ``zero-sided'' test

Spatial patterns of large African cats : a large-scale study on density, home range size, and home range overlap of lions Panthera leo and leopards Panthera pardus

SUPPORTING INFORMATION : APPENDIX S1. Site information. APPENDIX S2. Intuitive explanation of the autocorrelated kernel density estimator. APPENDIX S3. Sources of density data. APPENDIX S4. Mathematical modifications of Jetz et al.’s (2014) overlap equation. APPENDIX S5. Lion pride size data.1. Spatial patterns of and competition for resources by territorial carnivores are typically explained by two hypotheses: 1) the territorial defence hypothesis and 2) the searching efficiency hypothesis. 2. According to the territorial defence hypothesis, when food resources are abundant, carnivore densities will be high and home ranges small. In addition, carnivores can maximise their necessary energy intake with minimal territorial defence. At medium resource levels, larger ranges will be needed, and it will become more economically beneficial to defend resources against a lower density of competitors. At low resource levels, carnivore densities will be low and home ranges large, but resources will be too scarce to make it beneficial to defend such large territories. Thus, home range overlap will be minimal at intermediate carnivore densities. 3. According to the searching efficiency hypothesis, there is a cost to knowing a home range. Larger areas are harder to learn and easier to forget, so carnivores constantly need to keep their cognitive map updated by regularly revisiting parts of their home ranges. Consequently, when resources are scarce, carnivores require larger home ranges to acquire sufficient food. These larger home ranges lead to more overlap among individuals’ ranges, so that overlap in home ranges is largest when food availability is the lowest. Since conspecific density is low when food availability is low, this hypothesis predicts that overlap is largest when densities are the lowest. 4. We measured home range overlap and used a novel method to compare intraspecific home range overlaps for lions Panthera leo (n = 149) and leopards Panthera pardus (n = 111) in Africa. We estimated home range sizes from telemetry location data and gathered carnivore density data from the literature. 5. Our results did not support the territorial defence hypothesis for either species. Lion prides increased their home range overlap at conspecific lower densities whereas leopards did not. Lion pride changes in overlap were primarily due to increases in group size at lower densities. By contrast, the unique dispersal strategies of leopards led to reduced overlap at lower densities. However, when human-caused mortality was higher, leopards increased their home range overlap. Although lions and leopards are territorial, their territorial behaviour was less important than the acquisition of food in determining their space use. Such information is crucial for the future conservation of these two iconic African carnivores.The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and a Hugh Kelly Fellowship from Rhodes University, Grahamstown, SA.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652907am2024Centre for Wildlife ManagementMammal Research InstituteZoology and EntomologySDG-15:Life on lan

Some Properties Of Somerville Multiple Range Subset-Selection Procedure For three Populations

Somerville (1984) has recently proposed a multiple range subset selection procedure for the case when sample means of size n are obtained from k normal populations with common known variance. It is shown here that when k=3 the probability of correct selection 6f this procedure is between that of Gupta\u27s procedure and p* and strong evidence is presented that the expected subset size of the procedure is lower than that of Gupta\u27s procedure uniformly in parameter values for all p* 0,98

Taxonomy for complexity theory in the context of maternity care

Background The linear focus of ‘normal science’ is unable toadequately take account of the complex interactions that direct health care systems. There is a turn towards complexity theory as a more appropriate framework for understanding system behaviour. However, a comprehensive taxonomy for complexity theory in the context of health care is lacking. Objective This paper aims to build a taxonomy based on the key complexity theory components that have been used in publications on complexity theory and health care, and to explore their explanatory power for health care system behaviour, specifically for maternity care. Method A search strategy was devised in PubMed and 31 papers were identified as relevant for the taxonomy. Findings The final taxonomy for complexity theory included and defined 11components. The use of waterbirth and the impact of the Term Breech trial showed that each of the components of our taxonomy has utility in helping to understand how these techniques became widely adopted. It is not just the components themselves that characterise a complex system but also the dynamics between them

Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of the searobin Prionotus punctatus (Scorpaeniformes, Triglidae) at two different temperatures

Routine oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were measured at 20ºC and 25ºC in the searobin Prionotus punctatus collected in Ubatuba region (22º30'S), SP, Brazil, in western South Atlantic, to investigate energy expenditure and losses through metabolic processes. IndividuaIs ranging from 1.00g to 88.47g and from 1.79g to 56.50g were used in experiments at 20ºC and 25ºC, respectively. At 20ºC and 25ºC, the averages of weight-specific oxygen consumption for the weight class of 1.00 - 10.00g, common to both temperatures, were 162.46µ 39.51 µ.10z/g/h and 200.47µ 92.46 µ.10z/g/h, respectively; for the weight class of 50.01 - 60.00g these values were 112.30 µ 22.84 µ.10z/g/h and 114.60 µ 20.36 µ.10zlg/h. At 20ºC and 25ºC, the averages of weight-specific ammonia excretion for the weight class of 1.00 to 1O.00g were 1.03 µ 0.37 fJ.M/g/h and 1.21 µ 0.65 µ.M/g/h, respectively; for the weight class of 50.01 -60.00g these values were 0.68 µ 0.13 fJ.M/g/h and 0.60 µ 0.22 µ.M/g/h. The energy budget for the species was calculated at both temperatures using the experimental data and a model for marine teleosts proposed in the literature.<br>O consumo de oxigênio de rotina e a excreção de amônia de Prionotus punctatus coletados na região de Ubatuba (22º30'S), SP, Brasil, foram medidos a 20ºC e 25ºC, para avaliar os gastos e perdas de energia com os processos metabólicos. Foram utilizados indivíduos variando de 1,00g a 88,47g e de 1,79g a 56,50g, em experimentos a 20ºC e 25ºC, respectivamente. As médias de consumo específico de oxigênio a 20ºC e 25ºC para a classe de peso de 1,00 - 10,00g, comum a ambas as temperaturas, foram 162,46µ 39,51 µ.10z/g/h e 200,47 µ 92,46 µ.10z/g/h, respectivamente; para a classe de peso de 50,01 - 60,00g esses valores foram 112,30 µ 22,84 µ.10z/g/h e 114,60 µ 20,36 µ.10z/g/h. A 20ºC e 25ºC, as médias de excreção específica de amônia para a classe de peso de 1,00 a 10,00g foram 1,03 µ 0,37 e 1,21 µ 0,65 µ.M/g/h, respectivamente; para a classe de peso de 50,01 - 60,00g esses valores foram 0,68 µ 0,13 µ.M/g/h e 0,60 µ 0,22 µ.M/g/h. O orçamento energético para a espécie foi calculado para cada temperatura utilizando-se os da.dos experimentais e modelo proposto na literatura

The Fungal Sexual Pheromone Sirenin Activates the Human CatSper Channel Complex

The basal fungus <i>Allomyces macrogynus</i> (<i>A. macrogynus</i>) produces motile male gametes displaying well-studied chemotaxis toward their female counterparts. This chemotaxis is driven by sirenin, a sexual pheromone released by the female gametes. The pheromone evokes a large calcium influx in the motile gametes, which could proceed through the cation channel of sperm (CatSper) complex. Herein, we report the total synthesis of sirenin in 10 steps and 8% overall yield and show that the synthetic pheromone activates the CatSper channel complex, indicated by a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular calcium in human sperm. Sirenin activation of the CatSper channel was confirmed using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology with human sperm. Based on this proficient synthetic route and confirmed activation of CatSper, analogues of sirenin can be designed as blockers of the CatSper channel that could provide male contraceptive agents