Prevention of Summer Overheating of Buildings with Added Convex Windows

L

Comparison of several methods for calculation of reference evapotranspiration

Abstract The knowledge of the evapotranspiration of natural ecosystems and plant populations is of fundamental importance in several branches of science, research and practical uses. Nevertheless, the harmonisation of the large number of methods and user needs often causes problems. The objective of the analyses was to explore the output range and sensitivity of models of different physical approaches under local conditions. We performed descriptive statistical and sensitivity analysis of 10 commonly used estimation models - one of them with two variants. Correlation between modelled and measured evapotranspiration data series was assessed. The magnitude of the model outputs, their variability and responses to the changes of selected atmospheric parameters were evaluated. Priestley-Taylor, Penman-Monteith-FAO-56, Shuttleworth-Wallace (parameterized with alternative radiation balance), Szász and Makkink proved to be the most sensitive methods. As regards the systematic error, Makkink and Shuttleworth-Wallace showed the best agreement with pan evaporation, while Shuttleworth-Wallace, Blaney-Criddle and Makkink models were found to be the closest to the Penman-Monteith-FAO-56 method as a reference value. </jats:p

Néhány fertőtlenítőszer összehasonlító vizsgálata tejipari szempontból, különös tekintettel a jodofórokra

Die Verfasser untersuchten Togo 51, Tagonin, Nitrogenol, Natriumhypochlorit, Dichinol RA und die Jodophoren von milchindustriellem Standpunkte aus. Sie stellten fest, dass von milchindustriellem Standpunkte aus, abgesehen von den aktiven Chlorpräparaten (Natriumhypochlorit, Dichinol RA) die Jodophore vorteilhafter sind, da durch ihre Anwendung die praktische Sterilität erreicht werden kann und die milchindustrielle schadhafte Pseudomonas aeruginosa sowie die Spaltpilze durch ihre 1%-ige Lösung sofort, die Fadenpilze aber in 1. Stunde vernichtet werden. Im Falle ihrer Anwendung kann die nachträgliche Vermehrung an den Oberflächen in 24 Stunden, durch Anwendung der in der Arbeit beschriebenen Reinigungs- und Desinfektionsverfahren auf das Minimum vermindert werden. The disinfectants Tego 51, tagonine, nitrogenol, sodium hypochlorite, Dichinol RA and the iodophores were examined from the aspect of industrial use. It was found that from the aspect of milk industry (aside from the agents containing active chlorine such as sodium hypochlorite, Dichinol RA) the use of iodophores is more favourable since practically complete sterility can be attained, and their 1% solution instantaneously kills Pseudomonas aeruginosa detrimental from the aspect of milk industry and the Schizomycetes while the Hypomycetes are killed within an hour. On applying iodophores, subsequent multiplication on the surface of plant equipment in 24 hours can be reduced to a minimum extent by using the cleansing and disinfecting operations specified by the author. Les auteurs ont soumis ä I’examen du point de vue industriel les antiseptiques Tego 51, Taginine, Nitrogenol, l’hypochlorite de soude, le Dichinol RA et les iodophores. Ón a établi qu’ä part des préparations auchlore actif (come le sont l’hypochlorite de soude ou le Dichinol RA) les iodophores sont plus avantageux du point ve vue de l’industrie laitiére, parce que leur utilisation permet d’atteindre une stérilité pratique. En outre, les solutions d’une concentration de 1 p. c. de ces antiseptiques tuent les microorganismes nocifs comme le sont Pseudomonas aeruhyphomycétes dans une heure. Leur tiulsation permet aussi de diminuer au minimum la croissance ultérieure observéeen24 heures sur les surfaces traitées des méthodes de nettoyage et de stérilisation décrites dans la publication