관광-농촌 개발 넥서스에 촌민의 참여: 베트남의 비엣하이 (Viet Hai) 사례연구

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사회과학대학 지리학과, 2020. 8. Edo Andriesse.The study examines local involvement in tourism activities and rural development in Viet Hai, a remote, rural commune of Vietnam. Rather than exploring community participation in tourism planning as other research, this thesis focuses on village engagement in tourism employment, in consideration of the process of rural development and rural transformation. Qualitative research methods were conducted, consisting of archival studies, direct participant observation at the village, and a total of 40 in-depth local interviews: 32 villagers, 3 local government officials, and 5 tourists. The fieldwork results reveal the following two main findings. Firstly, in general, local community takes part in tourism activities in three different forms, namely direct involvement, indirect involvement and non-involvement. Although tourism has developed for almost 20 years, only a small number of local people and local households are considered as directly involved because they directly provide services for tourists such as accommodation and transportation. These directly involved households are members of a community-based tourism program (CBT) which was established to gather local tourism businesses together and encourage them to support each other. A majority of local people and local households in Viet Hai fall under indirect and non-involvement in tourism activities which reflects the low engagement in tourism employment in the village. The difference in geographical acting space (referring to external social networks) and bonding social capital under the form of family and kinship network (as pertaining to internal social networks) are more likely to be the determining factors that prevent the engagement of a majority of local villagers in tourism activities. Secondly, tourism has offered both financial and non-financial benefits to local development, highlighting the role of tourism in diversifying rural occupation, rural income in the process of rural transformation. However, the benefits of tourism development are unequally distributed among local villagers, leading to the disparity of living standards between different groups in the village. Most of the benefits go to families directly involved in tourism activities through running their own businesses such as homestays, restaurants, and driver services. Meanwhile, local villagers who are not engaged in tourism activities or indirectly joining tourism, experience more vulnerability due to unsustainable sources of income, lack of savings, and geographical isolation. These results raise concerns about inclusive development in rural areas in Viet Hai and other developing countries. Keyword: rural tourism, rural development, community-based tourism (CBT), geographical acting space, bonding social capital, kinship.이 연구는 베트남의 외딴 시골 공동체인 비엣하이 지역의 관광 활동과 농촌 개발(rural development)에 대한 지역적 관여를 조사한다. 본 논문은 다른 연구만큼 관광 계획에 대한 지역사회 참여를 탐구하기보다는 농촌의 발전과 농촌의 변혁 과정을 고려해 관광고용에 대한 마을참여에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 정성적 연구방법은 아카이브 연구와 마을 직접 참여자 관찰로 구성됐으며, 총 40명을 심층 현지 인터뷰가 진행됐으며, 촌민32명, 관계자 3명, 관광객 5명 등이었다. 조사 결과는 다음과 같은 두 가지 주요 결과로 나타난다. 첫째로, 일반적으로 지방 촌민은 직접 가입, 간접 가입, 불개입의 세 가지 형태로 관광 활동에 참여하고 있다. 관광이 20년동안 발전했지만 숙소·교통 등 관광객을 위한 서비스를 직접 제공하기 때문에 직접 가입하는 촌민과 지역 가구는 극소수에 불과하다는 평가를 받고 있다. 이들 직접 관련된 가구는 지역 관광 사업을 함께 모아 서로 지원하도록 유도하기 위해 설립된 공동체 기반 관광 프로그램의 일원이다. 비엣하이의 대다수의 현지인들과 현지 가정들은 관광 활동에 간접적이고 무관심하게 참여하는데, 이는 비엣하이의 관광 고용에 대한 낮은 참여도를 반영한다. 가족 및 친족 네트워크(내부 소셜 네트워크와 관련) 형태의 지리적 행위 공간(외부 소셜 네트워크 참조)과 사회적 자본의 결합(내부 소셜 네트워크와 관련됨)의 차이는 지역 주민의 대다수가 관광 활동에 참여하는 것을 막는 결정적인 요인이 될 가능성이 높다. 둘째, 관광은 지역 발전에 재정적, 비재무적 이익을 모두 제공함으로써 농촌의 변화 과정에서 농촌의 직업, 농촌의 소득을 다양화하는 관광의 역할을 부각시키고 있다. 그러나 관광개발의 혜택은 지역 마을 주민들 사이에 확연히 분포되어 있어 마을 내 각 집단 간의 생활수준의 불균형이 초래되고 있다. 대부분의 혜택은 홈스테이 (homestay), 레스토랑, 교통 서비스 등 자체 사업을 운영해 관광 활동에 직접 참여하는 가족들에게 돌아간다. 한편 관광 활동을 하지 않거나 간접적으로 관광에 참여하지 않는 지역 주민들은 지속할 수 없는 수입원, 저축 부족, 지리적인 고립 등으로 인해 더 많은 취약성을 경험하게 된다. 이러한 결과는 비엣하이와 다른 개발도상국들의 농촌 지역에서의 포괄적 발전에 대한 우려를 불러일으킨다. 키워드: 농촌 관광, 지방 개발, 농촌 변화, 커뮤니티 기반 관광(CBT), 지리적 공간, 결속적 사회자본, 친족(친척)Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Research background, research objectives, and research questions 1 1.2. Research methods 7 1.3. Organization of thesis 11 Chapter 2 Rural development and tourism relationship 13 2.1. The linkage between tourism and rural development 13 2.2. Explanatory variables: geographical acting space (GAS) and bonding social capital under the form of family and kinship network 28 2.3. Analytical framework 34 Chapter 3 Case study introduction 36 3.1. Rural and tourism in Vietnam 36 3.2. Viet Hai commune, Hai Phong city 46 Chapter 4 Local involvement in tourism employment in Viet Hai 59 4.1. Village engagement in tourism employment 59 4.2. Geographical acting space (GAS); family and kinship networks 67 Chapter 5 Contribution of tourism to local, rural development 89 5.1. Community based tourism, effective or not? 90 5.2. Economic contribution 94 5.3. Non-economic contribution 103 5.4. Disparities in living standard 105 Chapter 6 Conclusion and discussion 112 6.1. Key findings, contribution and policy recommendations of the study 112 6.2. Further discussions and future research 116 Bibliography 122 Abstract in Korean 146 Acknowledgements 148 Appendixes 149Maste

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Publishing Fake Information Online-Case of Online Vietnam Magazines (Thanhnien Newspaper, Tuoi tre newspaper, Vietnamnet.vn, dantri.com.vn, giaoduc.edu.vn, sctv.com.vn, etc.) From an Approach of German and EU Laws and Cybersecurity Regulations

Publishing fake information have at least three bad effects on the community: creating disinformation, anxiety, and disorder in society. Still using qualitative analytical methods with synthesis and inductive methods, the authors will address 2 cases of Vietnam magazines: thanhnien. vn and tuoitre.vn, vietnamnet. vn, giaoduc.edu.vn, dantri.com.vn, (online newspapers) and recently sctv.com.vn with their issue of publishing fake news online, which increasing as a problem in recent years 2015-2020. In this paper, we also use the European approach and laws on exploring the issue of publishing and delivering false information via the internet and social media. Last but not least, the views and ideologies of V.I Lenin and Ho Chi Minh on journalism and journalists are mentioned for educating the young generation