Le discours sur le courage et sur la peur à l'époque de la renaissance

In readin g th e historica l literatur e o n th e Renaissanc e an d th eReformation, on e get s th e impressio n tha t Spai n an d Portuga l ha drelatively littl e t o offer , an d tha t theolog y particularl y wa s a learne denterprise tha t flourishe d onl y i n certai n soils , particularl y thos e nea rRome. America n experienc e an d American problems receive d almos tno attentio n a t th e Counci l o f Tren t (1545-1563) , tha t grea t ecume -nical gathering of bishops which was probabl y the mos t thoroughgoingreform in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. Th e Council wasprincipally concerned t o launch a theological attack on the Protestants ,and the powerfu l Jesuit s ha d no t ye t develope d muc h interes t i n Ne wWorld problems

Controlling SALD-Deposited ZTO Nanofilm Composition and Implications for their use as Perovskite Solar Cell Transport Layers

This thesis is concerned with the study of new nanofilm electron transport layers for use in perovskite solar cells, one of the thin film solar cell technologies in the research and very early commercial phases. Spatial atomic layer deposition (SALD) is a method of nanofilm growth that is particularly well-suited to metal oxide fabrication, yielding high-quality uniform films in less time and without the cumbersome vacuum requirements of conventional atomic layer deposition. An important attribute of a performant electron transport layer is the appropriate matching of its conduction and valence band energy levels to those of the perovskite in contact with it, to favour electron extraction into the transport layer and prevent the entry of holes. Different absorber layers, with lead halide perovskites as only one example, will exhibit different energy levels; thus being able to tune the bandgap of the transport layer to better match the specific perovskite or other light absorber layer in use is very useful to be able to optimise a variety of solar cell designs for commercialisation. This was investigated in the context of zinc-tin oxide, a mixture of two of the most praised metal oxide electron transport layers for perovskite cells - ZnO and SnO2. The hope was that the bandgap of zinc-tin oxide, as deposited by SALD using an ozone-oxygen mixture, would vary with the Sn content (or Sn atom concentration relative to total metal atom concentration). Zinc-tin oxide was grown for the first time with SALD using different reactor head slits for each of the precursors - TDMASn and DEZ. For the oxide produced using the deposition conditions and compositions from this study, there is doubt as to whether a clear bandgap correlation with film composition was found, yet the results do point to other deposition conditions or post-deposition heat treatments that are likeliest to allow bandgap engineering, if such a relationship is valid for zinc-tin oxide. A wider range of zinc-tin oxide compositions by SALD was reported in this study than ever before (28% to 97% Sn content), and a detailed theory explaining the relationship between the deposition conditions and Sn content of the films is put forward, suggesting Sn and Zn precursor flow rates to be selected according to the desired film composition. Nor was a clear trend with composition identified for as-deposited films for transmittance, refractive index, defect and majority carrier densities, or film morphology. Photoluminescence quenching to compare the electron extraction efficiencies of different oxide compositions pointed to an Sn content of 97% being least effective. Atomic layer depositions straight onto perovskite are confirmed to be completely incompatible with the use of ozone as the oxidiser

Atmosfera ir religija: Hermanno Schmitzo fenomenologija ir lyginamojo religijos tyrimo galimybė

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] On the basis of his phenomenological theory of body and emotion, and especially his concept of emotion as atmosphere, Hermann Schmitz (1928–) defines religion as “behavior derived from affectedness by the divine,” i.e., communication with a powerful atmosphere overwhelming human beings. This definition enables us to explore religion in a broader context, such as dwelling, daily practice, rituals, architecture, art, etc. From this perspective, religion cannot be confined to the fields of theory, practice, institution, or convention but covers a much richer field in life. On the other hand, this view means that our daily existence is more profoundly related to the religious. This makes it understandable why new religious movements appear repeatedly, and why social phenomena appear that are not called religions but have some religious aspects even in a modern, secularized society. In this way, the theory of atmosphere can give us insight into the general necessity of the religious for human existence in each culture. Schmitz’s phenomenology of religion has, therefore, its advantage in the analysis of folk religion, which is rooted more deeply in folk culture and such of its aspects as customs, festivals, and folklore. This article will address some characteristics of Japanese folk religion and then compare monotheism with polytheism.[straipsnis ir santrauka anglų kalba, santrauka lietuvių kalba] Remdamasis fenomenologine kūno ir emocijų samprata, ypač savąja emocijos kaip atmosferos samprata, Hermannas Schmitzas (1928–) apibrėžia religiją kaip „elgesį, kylantį iš buvimo paveiktam dieviškumo“, t. y. bendravimo su galinga atmosfera, apglobiančia žmogiškąsias būtybes. Šis apibrėžimas leidžia mums tyrinėti religiją platesniame – gyvenimo-kur, kasdienės praktikos, ritualų, architektūros, meno ir t. t. – kontekste. Žvelgiant iš šios perspektyvos, religija negali būti apribota teorijos, praktikos, institucijos ar formalios tvarkos sritimi, bet apima daug turtingesnį mūsų gyvenimo lauką. Kita vertus, šis požiūris reiškia, kad mūsų kasdienė egzistencija kur kas giliau susijusi su religiškumu. Tai leidžia suprasti, kodėl vis iškyla naujų religinių judėjimų ir kodėl pasirodo socialinių fenomenų, kurie nevadinami religiniais, tačiau turi religinių aspektų netgi modernioje, sekuliarioje visuomenėje. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad atmosferos teorija gali leisti mums įžvelgti bendrą žmogiškoje egzistencijoje glūdintį religiškumo poreikį, aptinkamą kiekvienoje kultūroje. Taigi Schmitzo religijos fenomenologija yra pranašesnė analizuojant liaudiškąją religiją, kuri įsišaknijusi kur kas giliau liaudiškoje kultūroje, kaip antai papročiai, šventės ir tautosaka. Straipsnyje svarstomi kai kurie japonų liaudiškosios religijos bruožai, o paskui liaudiškosios religijos požiūriu palyginamos monoteizmo ir politeizmo tendencijos krikščionybėje ir japonų religijoje

Aspects et évaluation post-thérapeutiques des lésions du foie après traitement non chirurgical

The main non-surgical treatments for liver lesions include chemotherapy, targeted treatments, chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation. The post-treatment imaging features are variable and depend on the initial appearance of the lesion, the type of treatment and the imaging modality. Evaluation of tumour response to treatment is important. RECIST criteria based on unidimensional lesion measurements may not always be appropriate. Other evaluation criteria (Choi for GIST, EASL for HCC or Chun criteria.) may be more relevant

Electrochemical removal of anodic aluminium oxide templates for the production of phase-pure cuprous oxide nanorods for antimicrobial surfaces.

Antimicrobial surfaces are ones that incapacitate or kill pathogens landing on them, which could allow for self-sanitising surfaces for hospitals or implants, ensuring healthier stays and procedures. Cuprous compounds such as Cu2O are especially effective at incapacitating both viruses and bacteria, and nanorod arrays have been shown to prevent the adhesion of pathogens and mechanically deform bacteria to the point that their cell walls rupture. A Cu2O nanorod array should therefore allow for the exploitation of both of these effects. In the present work, an electrochemical method is introduced, where Cu2O nanorods formed in a substrate-supported anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) template are held at a stable electrochemical potential throughout the removal of the AAO template. This avoids the partial reduction of the nanorods from Cu2O to Cu that was observed during chemical removal of the template, which was attributed to the presence of residual aluminium from the template fabrication process that reacts with the etchant and lowers the electrochemical potential of the nanorods to a value that favours reduction. Using the electrochemical removal method, the reliable production of phase-pure, free-standing, crystalline Cu2O nanorod arrays on ITO/glass substrates is demonstrated. This simple method is compatible with nanorod arrays of any size

Screening for significant chronic liver disease by using three simple ultrasound parameters

Objectives Chronic liver diseases remain asymptomatic for many years. Consequently, patients are diagnosed belatedly, when cirrhosis is unmasked by lifethreatening complications. We aimed to identify simple ultrasound parameters for the screening of patients with unknown significant chronic liver disease. Methods Three hundred and twenty seven patients with chronic liver disease, liver biopsy, and ultrasound examination were included in the derivation set. 283 consecutive patients referred for ultrasound examination were included in the validation set; those selected according to the ultrasound parameters identified in the derivation set were then referred for specialized consultation including non-invasive fibrosis tests and ultimately liver biopsy if liver fibrosis was suspected. Results In the derivation set, three ultrasound parameters were independent predictors of severe fibrosis: liver surface irregularity, spleen length (>110 mm), and demodulation of hepatic veins. The association of ≥2 of the three above parameters provided 49.1% sensitivity and 86.9% specificity. In the validation set, at ≥2 of the three parameters were present in 23 (8%) of the patients. Among these patients, 8 had liver fibrosis (F ≥ 1), 5 had significant fibrosis (F  ≥2) and two cirrhosis. Conclusion The generalized search of three simple ultrasound signs in patients referred for abdominal ultrasound examination may be an easy way to detect those with silent but significant chronic liver disease

Les Dardanelles ou la fin de l’illusion des prédreadnoughts : l’apport de la modélisation informatique

La version éditeur de cet article a été publiée avec le titre sivant : Les pré-dreadnoughts français et britanniques au feu dans les Dardanelles : l’apport de la modélisation informatiqueLe naufrage du Bouvet par sa brutalité a suscité de nombreuses questions. Une étude historique permettant de comprendre les causes amont et un travail de modélisation informatique de plusieurs navires de l'époque permettent de comprendre les raisons qui ont conduit à la fin tragique du navire