Accuracy of defect distributions measured by bias dependent admittance spectroscopy on thin film solar cells

Thin film solar cells have achieved efficiencies up to 20%. Despite these excellent results, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the influence of defects on their performance is still incomplete. In thin film solar cells often defect level distributions are present rather than discrete defects. These distributions can be calculated from admittance measurements, however several assumptions are needed which hinder an exact defect density determination. By performing the measurements under different bias voltage conditions the accuracy of the method can be improved and assessed. This is illustrated with measurements on a flexible thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2- based (CIGS) solar cell

Modelling thin film solar cells with graded band gap

This paper discusses how graded absorber structures in CIGS-based solar cell can be studied using the numerical simulation tool SCAPS. A model will be built for an AVANCIS solar cell with double grading which is produced with the laboratory line process. We will first discuss how literature and measurement data should be used to start the buildup of the model and afterwards give an illustration how the model then still has to be optimized. We will draw special attention to the consequences of a graded structure on the model. Moreover, we will show how one can discern the real grading benefit by comparison with a uniform reference model

Psalm 22 LXX in Origen’s commentary on the Song of Songs

This article examines three distinct ways of reading Psalm 23(LXX 22), first in the Targum, then in the liturgy of early Christian initiation, and finally in Origen’s commentary on the Song of Songs. The Targum focuses on God’s protective presence in Israel’s history and looks forward to the salvation to come. Reading the psalm in the context of Christian initiation draws out the contextual possibilities of the text. In his interpretation of the Song of Songs, Origen seeks elements of spiritual progress after the stage of initiation. The “inebriating cup” points to a strongly affective dimension of this process

Philo’s De Decalogo: educating to respect the socially disadvantaged

Respect and care for the disadvantaged are firmly embedded in Philo’s interpretation of the Decalogue. In order to understand Philo’s teaching on this point within its proper perspective, this study highlights the following aspects of his interpretation of the Decalogue. The Ten Commandments are intended as a means of education, healing and transformation of people and their communities; they guide people to live in harmony with nature, reason and one another; in practice, this means to learn how to turn away from foolish pride and to live in gentleness, fellowship, simplicity, and equality. Such education will render people sensitive to the needs of those affected by bad fortune and inspire them to reach out to them

Allegorising: The Relevance of an Old Method of Interpretation

The question about what texts mean for us in the present as distinct from the question what they originally meant has again come into the focus of attention. This broadening of the focus is very important for understanding religious texts as texts about God’s transforming relationship to people. This article considers the Biblical interpretation of the Church Fathers, and particularly their use of allegory, as this may inspire us to develop ways of interacting with the Biblical texts as religious texts meant to speak to our times

Quine’s ideological debacle

In two papers in the mid-seventies, Quine has discussed an ontological deba-cle, the reduction of ontology to an ontology of pure sets only. This debacle, which weakened Quine’s interest in ontology, is the natural outcome of on-tological relativity, or, more precisely, the proxy-function argument. It is ex-plained how Quine unavoidably came to this conclusion. Moreover, it is ar-gued that the result is even more damaging for Quine’s philosophy than has hitherto been assumed. It is shown that in addition to an ontological debacle, there is an ideological debacle, reducing the ideology (lexicon) of science to the ideology of set theory. The ideological debacle results from applying ex-tensional substitution of predicates within a scientific theory that is reinter-preted by means of proxy-functions to a theory with a set-theoretic ontology. Though Quine has recognized the possibility of an ideological debacle, his rebuttal is unconvincing. As a result, his tenet of extensionalism is under heavy pressure