Análisis sin mecanismos complementarios del bloqueo de la armonía mediante geminadas en Logoori

Following the demise of the SPE theory of phonology, little attention was paid to how rules should be formulated. Instead, there was a general trend to minimize the language-specific component of a grammar, to factor out recurring patterns and state them as independent constraints or parameters. The richer representations of autose­gmental phonology additionally led to uncertainty in rule formulation, primarily because of questions about what the correct representations are, but also because specifying dominance and precedence relations is more complex than just specifying precedence relations. This paper discusses a vowel harmony rule in the Bantu language Logoori, which is blocked by an intervening gemi­nate consonant. It is typologically surprising that an intervening geminate has an effect on harmony, and there is no clear model for how such an effect in a rule should be encoded. It is shown that the effect follows naturally from correctly formalizing the rule, with attention to how rule and representational substrings are matched, and no rule-external conditions on the rule are necessary.A partir del declive de la teoría fonológica de SPE, se prestó poca atención a cómo se deberían formular las reglas. Existía, en cambio, una tendencia general a minimizar el componente gramatical específico de una lengua para fac­torizar los patrones recurrentes y establecerlos como restricciones o parámetros independientes. Las representaciones, más ricas, de la fonología autosegmental generaron además dudas sobre cuál había de ser la formulación de reglas, principalmente por los interrogantes surgidos acerca de cómo son las correctas representaciones, pero también porque especificar las relaciones de dominancia y de precedencia resulta más complejo que especificar simplemente las rela­ciones de precedencia. En este artículo se discute una regla de armonía vocálica de la lengua bantú Logoori, que se ve bloqueada al intervenir una consonante geminada. Desde un punto de vista tipológico es sorprendente que una geminada interviniente afecte a la armonía, y no se cuenta con un modelo claro sobre cómo debe codificarse dicho efecto en una regla. Aquí se muestra que el efecto se desprende naturalmente de la formalización correcta de la regla, atendiendo a cómo se corresponden la regla y las subcadenas representacionales, y que no se precisan condiciones sobre la regla externas a ella

The Status of Onsetless Syllables in Kikerewe

Research for this paper was supported in part by NSF Grant SBR-9421362

FORMAL CORRELATES OF FOCUSING IN KIMATUUMBI*

Many African languages have a system of grammatical focusing which pragmatically highlights certain elements of a sentence. Such systems of focus often have significant consequences in the synt.ax and morphology of languages, in that selection of a particular type of focal morphology prevents syntactic rules from applying (or forces syntactic rules to apply). This paper investigates the focusing system of one Bantu language, Kimatuumbi. It is argued that the optimal account of Kimatuumbi focus is to allow the syntactic rules to apply blindly and to filter out the unacceptable conflicts in focus via a pragmatic filter

The Intersection of Syntax, Semantics and Phonology in Kikongo

Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on African Language Structures (1991), pp. 188-19

The Origin of Leftward Tone Shift in Masasi Chiyao

Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Historical Issues in African Linguistics (1994

The range of the mange: Spatiotemporal patterns of sarcoptic mange in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as revealed by camera trapping

Sarcoptic mange is a widely distributed disease that affects numerous mammalian species. We used camera traps to investigate the apparent prevalence and spatiotemporal dynamics of sarcoptic mange in a red fox population in southeastern Norway. We monitored red foxes for five years using 305 camera traps distributed across an 18000 km2 area. A total of 6581 fox events were examined to visually identify mange compatible lesions. We investigated factors associated with the occurrence of mange by using logistic models within a Bayesian framework, whereas the spatiotemporal dynamics of the disease were analysed with spacetime scan statistics. The apparent prevalence of the disease fluctuated over the study period with a mean of 3.15% and credible interval [1.25, 6.37], and our best logistic model explaining the presence of red foxes with mange-compatible lesions included time since the beginning of the study and the interaction between distance to settlement and season as explanatory variables. The scan analyses detected several potential clusters of the disease that varied in persistence and size, and the locations in the cluster with the highest probability were closer to human settlements than the other survey locations. Our results indicate that red foxes in an advanced stage of the disease are most likely found closer to human settlements during periods of low wild prey availability (winter). We discuss different potential causes. Furthermore, the disease appears to follow a pattern of small localized outbreaks rather than sporadic isolated events.publishedVersio