8,186 research outputs found
KSR v. Teleflex: How “Obviousness” Has Changed
In KSR v. Teleflex, the Supreme Court examined the Federal Circuit\u27s obviousness jurisprudence for patents. Both prior to and in this case, the Federal Circuit rigidly applied its judicially created teaching, suggestion, or motivation (TSM) test to determine whether the prior art would direct an inventor of ordinary skill in the art to combine references or elements in references in the same way as the patentee did. The Supreme Court, however, reversed the decision of the Federal Circuit, and held that by applying the TSM test in such a strict manner, the Federal Circuit had analyzed the issue in a narrow, rigid manner inconsistent with [35 U.S.C.] § 103 and our precedents. KSR is now the controlling case defining the proper obviousness analysis for patents
String Corrected Spacetimes and SU(N)-Structure Manifolds
Using an effective field theory approach and the language of
SU(N)-structures, we study higher derivative corrections to the supersymmetry
constraints for compactifications of string or M-theory to Minkowski space. Our
analysis is done entirely in the target space and is thus very general, and
does not rely on theory-dependent details such as the amount of worldsheet
supersymmetry. For manifolds of real dimension n<4 we show that the internal
geometry remains flat and uncorrected. For n=4, 6, Kahler manifolds with
SU(N)-holonomy can become corrected to SU(N)-structure, while preserving
supersymmetry, once corrections are included.Comment: 27 page
Kaluza-Klein Theories Without Truncation
In this note we present a closed expression for the space-time effective
action for all bosonic fields (massless and massive) obtained from the
compactification of gravity or supergravity theories (such as type II or
eleven-dimensional supergravities) from to space-time dimensions.Comment: 20 page
A Technical Note on Comparative Dynamics in a Fiscal Competition Model
This note discusses the comparative dynamic analysis in "Fiscal competition in space and time" by David Wildasin (Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 87, 2003) from a technical point of view.dynamic tax competition, imperfect capital mobility, comparative dynamics, Peano Theorem
Dynamic Tax Competition and Public-Sector Modernisation
This paper addresses the question whether increased mobility of capital enhances public-sector modernisation. Public-sector modernisation is modelled as the accumulation of knowledge (or another accumulated production factor) that serves as an input in the government's production of a consumption good. The public-sector provides a direct transfer to households. The tax competition model in the background is a dynamic model in which capital flight induced by taxation is a process that takes time. The speed with which firms can relocate capital to other jurisdictions is taken as a measure of the degree of capital mobility. The main result of the paper is a contradiction of the idea that the competitive pressure caused by increased capital mobility enhances public sector modernisation.public-sector modernisation, dynamic tax competition, imperfect capital mobility
Towards a -function in 4D quantum gravity
We develop a generally applicable method for constructing functions, ,
which have properties similar to Zamolodchikov's -function, and are
geometrically natural objects related to the theory space explored by
non-perturbative functional renormalization group (RG) equations. Employing the
Euclidean framework of the Effective Average Action (EAA), we propose a
-function which can be defined for arbitrary systems of gravitational,
Yang-Mills, ghost, and bosonic matter fields, and in any number of spacetime
dimensions. It becomes stationary both at critical points and in classical
regimes, and decreases monotonically along RG trajectories provided the
breaking of the split-symmetry which relates background and quantum fields is
sufficiently weak. Within the Asymptotic Safety approach we test the proposal
for Quantum Einstein Gravity in dimensions, performing detailed numerical
investigations in . We find that the bi-metric Einstein-Hilbert truncation
of theory space introduced recently is general enough to yield perfect
monotonicity along the RG trajectories, while its more familiar single-metric
analog fails to achieve this behavior which we expect on general grounds.
Investigating generalized crossover trajectories connecting a fixed point in
the ultraviolet to a classical regime with positive cosmological constant in
the infrared, the -function is shown to depend on the choice of the
gravitational instanton which constitutes the background spacetime. For de
Sitter space in 4 dimensions, the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is found to play a
role analogous to the central charge in conformal field theory. We also comment
on the idea of a `- connection' and the `-bound' discussed
earlier.Comment: 15 figures; additional comment
Propagating gravitons vs. dark matter in asymptotically safe quantum gravity
Within the Asymptotic Safety scenario, we discuss whether Quantum Einstein
Gravity (QEG) can give rise to a semi-classical regime of propagating physical
gravitons (gravitational waves) governed by an effective theory which complies
with the standard rules of local quantum field theory. According to earlier
investigations based on single-metric truncations there is a tension between
this requirement and the condition of Asymptotic Safety since the former
(latter) requires a positive (negative) anomalous dimension of Newton's
constant. We show that the problem disappears using the bi-metric
renormalization group flows that became available recently: They admit an
asymptotically safe UV limit and, at the same time, a genuine semi-classical
regime with a positive anomalous dimension. This brings the gravitons of QEG on
a par with arbitrary (standard model, etc.) particles which exist as asymptotic
states. We also argue that metric perturbations on almost Planckian scales
might not be propagating, and we propose an interpretation as a form of `dark
matter'.Comment: 12 figures; further discussions adde
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