Arab Spring uprisings: revolutionary patterns and theoretical explanations

The paper briefly highlights theoretical explanations of concurrent Arab uprisings through a literature review on the writings of democratization, authoritarianism in the Middle East and third generation insights on the causes of revolutions. Theoretical explanations are supported with empirical evidences from State Fragility, and Transformation Index on the democracy status of eight Arab countries: Egypt, Tunisia, Syria, Bahrain, Jordan, Libya, Yemen, and Algeria. The paper seeks to illustrate differences of revolutionary patterns among those countries, how this can be theoretically explained, and how concurrent upheavals would draw a new political map for the region. Through theoretical discussion to Arab uprisings, and available empirical evidences the paper argues that revolutionary situation is more likely to emerge due to level of elite’s solidarity, autonomy of armed forces, national unity and geopolitics of the region compared with other factors like coercion, and economic, and political structure of the state

The Marry to Work Approach: Understanding the Mechanisms of Marriage of Convenience amongst Syrian Refugee Women in Egypt

Transnational marriage of convenience in refugee context is a unique perspective to reflect the livelihoods reality of Syrian female refugees in Egypt as a host country. Transnational marriage of convenience is a gateway for many Syrian female refugees to be legally integrated and socioeconomically incorporated in Egypt, setting challenging conditions for refugees to attain a work permit. This paper employs the bargaining power model to uncover how different legal regimes contribute to shaping the dynamics of the transnational marriage of convenience. The paper argues that the position of Syrian female refugees in the Egyptian labor market is closely linked to the intersection between four main legal regimes: Egyptian family law, nationality law, Egyptian labor law, and international refugee law. This intersection determines the bargaining power structure in a transnational household in the refugee setting. The bargaining power model explains how Syrian female refugees adopt an opportunistic behavior to retain the restricted right to work where they take advantage of the fruits of intersection between two different legal regimes, which are the Egyptian nationality law and family law, to overcome the negative implications of the intersection between the Egyptian labor laws and the international refugee law. The operational way to achieve this gain is to get involved in transnational legal marriages of convenience more progressively

On the coefficients of integrated expansions and integrals of ultraspherical polynomials and their applications for solving differential equations

AbstractAn analytical formula expressing the ultraspherical coefficients of an expansion for an infinitely differentiable function that has been integrated an arbitrary number of times in terms of the coefficients of the original expansion of the function is stated in a more compact form and proved in a simpler way than the formula suggested by Phillips and Karageorghis (27 (1990) 823). A new formula expressing explicitly the integrals of ultraspherical polynomials of any degree that has been integrated an arbitrary number of times of ultraspherical polynomials is given. The tensor product of ultraspherical polynomials is used to approximate a function of more than one variable. Formulae expressing the coefficients of differentiated expansions of double and triple ultraspherical polynomials in terms of the original expansion are stated and proved. Some applications of how to use ultraspherical polynomials for solving ordinary and partial differential equations are described

The coefficients of differentiated expansions and derivatives of ultraspherical polynomials

AbstractA formula expressing the ultraspherical coefficients of the general order derivative of an infinitely differentiable function in terms of its original ultraspherical coefficients is stated in a more compact form and proved in a simpler way than the formula suggested by Karageorghis and Phillips in their recent report [5].Formulas expressing explicitly the derivatives of ultraspherical polynomials of any degree and for any order in terms of the ultraspherical polynomials are given. The special cases of Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kinds and of Legendre polynomials are considered.An application of how to use ultraspherical polynomials for solving ordinary and partial differential equations is described

Impact of CSR on Customer’ and Employee’ Satisfaction -Literature Review-

This article is part of the debate on the impact of the CSR strategy on the perceptions of the company's stakeholders, namely its customers and employees. In this sense, we propose a literal review approaching the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility, as a managerial practice on the one hand and an academic concept on the other.First, we approach the different definitions proposed for the said concept, according to the different evolutions known by it, to then detail the theories relating to CSR.Obediently, we were able to retain that this notion is the result of reflections from multiple origins, gradually built on values that are religious, economic and ethical.Secondly, the linking of the latest concepts of CSR and customer satisfaction, internal and external, allowed us to return to the historical sources and theoretical foundations of the second concept. Thus, we draw up a literature review focused on customer satisfaction, including a review of the different definitions and types of the latter. Then before presenting the link between CSR and customer satisfaction, we present the different models of customer satisfaction training as well as the instruments available for its measurement and evaluation.Finally, we build the literary foundation of the last notion, namely employee satisfaction. To do so, we start with a presentation of the definitions and approaches of this concept. These different approaches have given rise to different instruments proposed for its evaluation; we thus present the best known and used of them to finally establish the link between the implementation of a CSR policy by the company and the satisfaction of its employees

Advanced Systematic Pattern Effect controlling the survey of Critical Thinking Skill in the National Study of Civic Education and Tenth Grade Students in the Development of Jordan

The aim of this study is to reveal the typical effect of Advanced Regulator controlling the survey of critical thinking skill in the National Study of Civic Education and Tenth Grade Students in the development of Jordan. The study population consisted of all tenth grade students in schools which included at least two divisions. However, this included the grade in the education directorate which is the banner of the southern shrine. The study sample consisted of 120 students from students in school communities. They included 40 male students and 80 female students, which were spread over four study group. Two of the four divisions in each school were taught the Advanced orderly pattern, while the other two divisions were taught the Achtbaraltvkir critic preset. This arbitration process procedure was carried out to test the equality of the groups. After a dimensional treatment, the collected data were statistically analyzed using statistical software (SPSS) and statistical processor Pearson correlation coefficient. The forgoing analysis were done to test the stability of the expense, as well as the calculated circles and standard deviations, in order to make comparisons. Furthermore, the results of the two-way analysis of variance ((2x2) Two-way ANOVA) was also extracted. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α> 0.05) in the skill of critical thinking development, due to the pattern of teaching or the interaction between style and gender. There were statistically significant differences at the same level of significance attributed to gender (male and female) and in favor of female students. The study concluded with recommendations in their entirety focus attention on the need for modern teaching patterns, as well as critical thinking skill to give a greater share in the area of curriculum