Deciphering the role of Paenibacillus strain Q8 in the organic matter recycling in the acid mine drainage of Carnoulès

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The recycling of the organic matter is a crucial function in any environment, especially in oligotrophic environments such as Acid Mine Drainages (AMDs). Polymer-degrading bacteria might play an important role in such ecosystem, at least by releasing by-products useful for the rest of the community. In this study, physiological, molecular and biochemical experiments were performed to decipher the role of a <it>Paenibacillus </it>strain isolated from the sediment of Carnoulès AMD.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Even though <it>Paenibacillus </it>sp. strain Q8 was isolated from an oligotrophic AMD showing an acidic pH, it developed under both acidic and alkaline conditions and showed a heterotrophic metabolism based on the utilization of a broad range of organic compounds. It resisted to numerous metallic stresses, particularly high arsenite (As(III)) concentrations (> 1,800 mg/L). Q8 was also able to efficiently degrade polymers such as cellulose, xylan and starch. Function-based screening of a Q8 DNA-library allowed the detection of 15 clones with starch-degrading activity and 3 clones with xylan-degrading activity. One clone positive for starch degradation carried a single gene encoding a "protein of unknown function". Amylolytic and xylanolytic activities were measured both in growing cells and with acellular extracts of Q8. The results showed the ability of Q8 to degrade both polymers under a broad pH range and high As(III) and As(V) concentrations. Activity measurements allowed to point out the constitutive expression of the amylase genes and the mainly inducible expression of the xylanase genes. PACE demonstrated the endo-acting activity of the amylases and the exo-acting activity of the xylanases.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>AMDs have been studied for years especially with regard to interactions between bacteria and the inorganic compartment hosting them. To date, no study reported the role of microorganisms in the recycling of the organic matter. The present work suggests that the strain Q8 might play an important role in the community by recycling the scarce organic matter (cellulose, hemicellulose, starch...), especially when the conditions change. Furthermore, function-based screening of a Q8 DNA library allowed to assign an amylolytic function to a gene previously unknown. AMDs could be considered as a reservoir of genes with potential biotechnological properties.</p

Composition and functioning of a microbial community in an acid mine drainage : cultural and functional approaches

Le drainage minier acide de Carnoulès est caractérisé par un pH très acide et une forte concentration en métaux et en arsenic. Par différentes approches moléculaires, des études précédentes ont montré une faible biodiversité et ont permis d'établir un modèle de fonctionnement de la communauté bactérienne. Le but de ce travail de thèse a été de préciser la composition et le fonctionnement de cette communauté bactérienne, en utilisant pour cela des approches culturales et fonctionnelles, en se focalisant particulièrement sur le recyclage de la matière organique. L'élaboration de différents milieux a permis l'isolement de 49 souches bactériennes appartenant à 19 genres, augmentant ainsi de 10 % la diversité bactérienne détectée à Carnoulès par rapport aux approches métagénomiques précédentes. Parmi les 19 genres, 3 sont nouveaux dont un, inféodé aux écosystèmes acides, a été caractérisé taxonomiquement et dénommé Acidiminas carnoulesii. La capacité de l'isolat Q8 appartenant au genre Paenibacillus à dégrader I'amidon et la xylane, dans de larges gammes de pH et de concentrations en arsenic, a permis d'attribuer à Paenibacillus un rôle dans la résilience de la communauté pour ces fonctions. Un criblage fonctionnel de I'ADN de Q8 dans Escherichia coli apermis d'isoler les gènes codant les protéines de dégradation de ces polymères. Par ailleurs, un criblage de 80000 clones de la banque d'ADN métagénomique de Carnoulès a permis la détection de 28 clones positifs pour l'activité amylolytique. Deux protéines ne présentant aucune similarité de séquence avec des amylases connues ont été caractérisées in vitro, confirmant leurs activités amylolyiques et démontrant que la bioprospection dans des sites a priori incongrus, autorise des découvertes insoupçonnées. Ces travaux ont ainsi permis de montrer que les approches culturales et fonctionnelles apportent des informations nouvelles par rapport à celles obtenues par les approches moléculaires. La complémentarité de ces approches est vérifiée, et elle apparaît indispensable dans l'analyse de la complexité des écosystèmes. Cependant, la compréhension de leur fonctionnement exigera des efforts redoublés.The Carnoulès acid mine drainage is characterized by an acidic pH and high metal and arsenic concentrations. Based on the low bacterial biodiversity, molecular approaches allowed the determination of a bacterial community functioning model. The aim of the PhD work was to clariff both the composition andthe functioning of this community, using cultural and functional approaches, focusing on the organic matter recycling. Different media were designed that allowed the isolation of 49 bacterial strains belonging to 19 genera,leading to a 70 o  increase in the bacterial diversity compared with previous metagenomic approaches. Among the 19 genera,3 are new, one of which, a previously uncultured genus frequently detected in acidic environments, has been taxonomically characterized and named Acidiminos cornoulesii.The ability of strain Q8, belonging to the genus Paenibacillus, to degrade starch and xylan over a wide rangeof pH values as well as 4rsenic concentrations allows to assign to Paenibacillus a role in the resilience of the community for these functions. A function-based screening of the Q8-DNA in Escherichia coli led to isolatethe genes encoding the polymer-degrading proteins.Moreover, a function-based screening of 80,000 clones from a Carnoulès metagenomic DNA library led to the detection of 28 positive clones for the amylolyic activity. Two proteins sharing no sequence similarity with known amylases were characterized in vitro, demonstrating that bioprospecting in a priori incongruous sites can lead to unsuspected discoveries.These works show that new informations using cultural and functional approaches can be obtained compared to those gained with molecular approaches. Results confirmed the complementarity between both approachesis crucial to analyze complex ecosystems. Nevertheless, more research efforts still have to be undertaken tounderstand their functioning

Composition and functioning of a microbial community in an acid mine drainage : cultural and functional approaches

Le drainage minier acide de Carnoulès est caractérisé par un pH très acide et une forte concentration en métaux et en arsenic. Par différentes approches moléculaires, des études précédentes ont montré une faible biodiversité et ont permis d'établir un modèle de fonctionnement de la communauté bactérienne. Le but de ce travail de thèse a été de préciser la composition et le fonctionnement de cette communauté bactérienne, en utilisant pour cela des approches culturales et fonctionnelles, en se focalisant particulièrement sur le recyclage de la matière organique. L'élaboration de différents milieux a permis l'isolement de 49 souches bactériennes appartenant à 19 genres, augmentant ainsi de 10 % la diversité bactérienne détectée à Carnoulès par rapport aux approches métagénomiques précédentes. Parmi les 19 genres, 3 sont nouveaux dont un, inféodé aux écosystèmes acides, a été caractérisé taxonomiquement et dénommé Acidiminas carnoulesii. La capacité de l'isolat Q8 appartenant au genre Paenibacillus à dégrader I'amidon et la xylane, dans de larges gammes de pH et de concentrations en arsenic, a permis d'attribuer à Paenibacillus un rôle dans la résilience de la communauté pour ces fonctions. Un criblage fonctionnel de I'ADN de Q8 dans Escherichia coli apermis d'isoler les gènes codant les protéines de dégradation de ces polymères. Par ailleurs, un criblage de 80000 clones de la banque d'ADN métagénomique de Carnoulès a permis la détection de 28 clones positifs pour l'activité amylolytique. Deux protéines ne présentant aucune similarité de séquence avec des amylases connues ont été caractérisées in vitro, confirmant leurs activités amylolyiques et démontrant que la bioprospection dans des sites a priori incongrus, autorise des découvertes insoupçonnées. Ces travaux ont ainsi permis de montrer que les approches culturales et fonctionnelles apportent des informations nouvelles par rapport à celles obtenues par les approches moléculaires. La complémentarité de ces approches est vérifiée, et elle apparaît indispensable dans l'analyse de la complexité des écosystèmes. Cependant, la compréhension de leur fonctionnement exigera des efforts redoublés.The Carnoulès acid mine drainage is characterized by an acidic pH and high metal and arsenic concentrations. Based on the low bacterial biodiversity, molecular approaches allowed the determination of a bacterial community functioning model. The aim of the PhD work was to clariff both the composition andthe functioning of this community, using cultural and functional approaches, focusing on the organic matter recycling. Different media were designed that allowed the isolation of 49 bacterial strains belonging to 19 genera,leading to a 70 o  increase in the bacterial diversity compared with previous metagenomic approaches. Among the 19 genera,3 are new, one of which, a previously uncultured genus frequently detected in acidic environments, has been taxonomically characterized and named Acidiminos cornoulesii.The ability of strain Q8, belonging to the genus Paenibacillus, to degrade starch and xylan over a wide rangeof pH values as well as 4rsenic concentrations allows to assign to Paenibacillus a role in the resilience of the community for these functions. A function-based screening of the Q8-DNA in Escherichia coli led to isolatethe genes encoding the polymer-degrading proteins.Moreover, a function-based screening of 80,000 clones from a Carnoulès metagenomic DNA library led to the detection of 28 positive clones for the amylolyic activity. Two proteins sharing no sequence similarity with known amylases were characterized in vitro, demonstrating that bioprospecting in a priori incongruous sites can lead to unsuspected discoveries.These works show that new informations using cultural and functional approaches can be obtained compared to those gained with molecular approaches. Results confirmed the complementarity between both approachesis crucial to analyze complex ecosystems. Nevertheless, more research efforts still have to be undertaken tounderstand their functioning

Composition et fonctionnement d'une communauté microbienne au sein d'un drainage minier acide : approches culturales et fonctionnelles

The Carnoulès acid mine drainage is characterized by an acidic pH and high metal and arsenic concentrations. Based on the low bacterial biodiversity, molecular approaches allowed the determination of a bacterial community functioning model. The aim of the PhD work was to clariff both the composition andthe functioning of this community, using cultural and functional approaches, focusing on the organic matter recycling. Different media were designed that allowed the isolation of 49 bacterial strains belonging to 19 genera,leading to a 70 o  increase in the bacterial diversity compared with previous metagenomic approaches. Among the 19 genera,3 are new, one of which, a previously uncultured genus frequently detected in acidic environments, has been taxonomically characterized and named Acidiminos cornoulesii.The ability of strain Q8, belonging to the genus Paenibacillus, to degrade starch and xylan over a wide rangeof pH values as well as 4rsenic concentrations allows to assign to Paenibacillus a role in the resilience of the community for these functions. A function-based screening of the Q8-DNA in Escherichia coli led to isolatethe genes encoding the polymer-degrading proteins.Moreover, a function-based screening of 80,000 clones from a Carnoulès metagenomic DNA library led to the detection of 28 positive clones for the amylolyic activity. Two proteins sharing no sequence similarity with known amylases were characterized in vitro, demonstrating that bioprospecting in a priori incongruous sites can lead to unsuspected discoveries.These works show that new informations using cultural and functional approaches can be obtained compared to those gained with molecular approaches. Results confirmed the complementarity between both approachesis crucial to analyze complex ecosystems. Nevertheless, more research efforts still have to be undertaken tounderstand their functioning.Le drainage minier acide de Carnoulès est caractérisé par un pH très acide et une forte concentration en métaux et en arsenic. Par différentes approches moléculaires, des études précédentes ont montré une faible biodiversité et ont permis d'établir un modèle de fonctionnement de la communauté bactérienne. Le but de ce travail de thèse a été de préciser la composition et le fonctionnement de cette communauté bactérienne, en utilisant pour cela des approches culturales et fonctionnelles, en se focalisant particulièrement sur le recyclage de la matière organique. L'élaboration de différents milieux a permis l'isolement de 49 souches bactériennes appartenant à 19 genres, augmentant ainsi de 10 % la diversité bactérienne détectée à Carnoulès par rapport aux approches métagénomiques précédentes. Parmi les 19 genres, 3 sont nouveaux dont un, inféodé aux écosystèmes acides, a été caractérisé taxonomiquement et dénommé Acidiminas carnoulesii. La capacité de l'isolat Q8 appartenant au genre Paenibacillus à dégrader I'amidon et la xylane, dans de larges gammes de pH et de concentrations en arsenic, a permis d'attribuer à Paenibacillus un rôle dans la résilience de la communauté pour ces fonctions. Un criblage fonctionnel de I'ADN de Q8 dans Escherichia coli apermis d'isoler les gènes codant les protéines de dégradation de ces polymères. Par ailleurs, un criblage de 80000 clones de la banque d'ADN métagénomique de Carnoulès a permis la détection de 28 clones positifs pour l'activité amylolytique. Deux protéines ne présentant aucune similarité de séquence avec des amylases connues ont été caractérisées in vitro, confirmant leurs activités amylolyiques et démontrant que la bioprospection dans des sites a priori incongrus, autorise des découvertes insoupçonnées. Ces travaux ont ainsi permis de montrer que les approches culturales et fonctionnelles apportent des informations nouvelles par rapport à celles obtenues par les approches moléculaires. La complémentarité de ces approches est vérifiée, et elle apparaît indispensable dans l'analyse de la complexité des écosystèmes. Cependant, la compréhension de leur fonctionnement exigera des efforts redoublés

Composition et fonctionnement d'une communauté microbienne au sein d'un drainage minier acide (approches culturales et fonctionnelles)

Le drainage minier acide de Carnoulès est caractérisé par un pH très acide et une forte concentration en métaux et en arsenic. Par différentes approches moléculaires, des études précédentes ont montré une faible biodiversité et ont permis d'établir un modèle de fonctionnement de la communauté bactérienne. Le but de ce travail de thèse a été de préciser la composition et le fonctionnement de cette communauté bactérienne, en utilisant pour cela des approches culturales et fonctionnelles, en se focalisant particulièrement sur le recyclage de la matière organique. L'élaboration de différents milieux a permis l'isolement de 49 souches bactériennes appartenant à 19 genres, augmentant ainsi de 10 % la diversité bactérienne détectée à Carnoulès par rapport aux approches métagénomiques précédentes. Parmi les 19 genres, 3 sont nouveaux dont un, inféodé aux écosystèmes acides, a été caractérisé taxonomiquement et dénommé Acidiminas carnoulesii. La capacité de l'isolat Q8 appartenant au genre Paenibacillus à dégrader I'amidon et la xylane, dans de larges gammes de pH et de concentrations en arsenic, a permis d'attribuer à Paenibacillus un rôle dans la résilience de la communauté pour ces fonctions. Un criblage fonctionnel de I'ADN de Q8 dans Escherichia coli apermis d'isoler les gènes codant les protéines de dégradation de ces polymères. Par ailleurs, un criblage de 80000 clones de la banque d'ADN métagénomique de Carnoulès a permis la détection de 28 clones positifs pour l'activité amylolytique. Deux protéines ne présentant aucune similarité de séquence avec des amylases connues ont été caractérisées in vitro, confirmant leurs activités amylolyiques et démontrant que la bioprospection dans des sites a priori incongrus, autorise des découvertes insoupçonnées. Ces travaux ont ainsi permis de montrer que les approches culturales et fonctionnelles apportent des informations nouvelles par rapport à celles obtenues par les approches moléculaires. La complémentarité de ces approches est vérifiée, et elle apparaît indispensable dans l'analyse de la complexité des écosystèmes. Cependant, la compréhension de leur fonctionnement exigera des efforts redoublés.The Carnoulès acid mine drainage is characterized by an acidic pH and high metal and arsenicconcentrations. Based on the low bacterial biodiversity, molecular approaches allowed the determination of abacterial community functioning model. The aim of the PhD work was to clariff both the composition andthe functioning of this community, using cultural and functional approaches, focusing on the organic matterrecycling.Different media were designed that allowed the isolation of 49 bacterial strains belonging to 19 genera,leading to a 70 o increase in the bacterial diversity compared with previous metagenomic approaches.Among the 19 genera,3 are new, one of which, a previously uncultured genus frequently detected in acidicenvironments, has been taxonomically characterized and named Acidiminos cornoulesii.The ability of strain Q8, belonging to the genus Paenibacillus, to degrade starch and xylan over a wide rangeof pH values as well as 4rsenic concentrations allows to assign to Paenibacillus a role in the resilience of thecommunity for these functions. A function-based screening of the Q8-DNA in Escherichia coli led to isolatethe genes encoding the polymer-degrading proteins.Moreover, a function-based screening of 80,000 clones from a Carnoulès metagenomic DNA library led tothe detection of 28 positive clones for the amylolyic activity. Two proteins sharing no sequence similaritywith known amylases were characterized in vitro, demonstrating that bioprospecting in a priori incongruous sites can lead to unsuspected discoveries.These works show that new informations using cultural and functional approaches can be obtained comparedto those gained with molecular approaches. Results confirmed the complementarity between both approachesis crucial to analyze complex ecosystems. Nevertheless, more research efforts still have to be undertaken tounderstand their functioning.STRASBOURG-Bib.electronique 063 (674829902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Novel and unexpected bacterial diversity in an arsenic-rich ecosystem revealed by culture-dependent approaches

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Acid Mine Drainages (AMDs) are extreme environments characterized by very acid conditions and heavy metal contaminations. In these ecosystems, the bacterial diversity is considered to be low. Previous culture-independent approaches performed in the AMD of Carnoulès (France) confirmed this low species richness. However, very little is known about the cultured bacteria in this ecosystem. The aims of the study were firstly to apply novel culture methods in order to access to the largest cultured bacterial diversity, and secondly to better define the robustness of the community for 3 important functions: As(III) oxidation, cellulose degradation and cobalamine biosynthesis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Despite the oligotrophic and acidic conditions found in AMDs, the newly designed media covered a large range of nutrient concentrations and a pH range from 3.5 to 9.8, in order to target also non-acidophilic bacteria. These approaches generated 49 isolates representing 19 genera belonging to 4 different phyla. Importantly, overall diversity gained 16 extra genera never detected in Carnoulès. Among the 19 genera, 3 were previously uncultured, one of them being novel in databases. This strategy increased the overall diversity in the Carnoulès sediment by 70% when compared with previous culture-independent approaches, as specific phylogenetic groups (<it>e.g.</it> the subclass <it>Actinobacteridae</it> or the order <it>Rhizobiales</it>) were only detected by culture. Cobalamin auxotrophy, cellulose degradation and As(III)-oxidation are 3 crucial functions in this ecosystem, and a previous meta- and proteo-genomic work attributed each function to only one taxon. Here, we demonstrate that other members of this community can also assume these functions, thus increasing the overall community robustness.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This work highlights that bacterial diversity in AMDs is much higher than previously envisaged, thus pointing out that the AMD system is functionally more robust than expected. The isolated bacteria may be part of the rare biosphere which remained previously undetected due to molecular biases. No matter their current ecological relevance, the exploration of the full diversity remains crucial to decipher the function and dynamic of any community. This work also underlines the importance to associate culture-dependent and -independent approaches to gain an integrative view of the community function.</p> <p>Reviewers</p> <p>This paper was reviewed by Sándor Pongor, Eugene V. Koonin and Brett Baker (nominated by Purificacion Lopez-Garcia).</p

Genetic and physiological insights into the diazotrophicactivity of a non-cyanobacterial marine diazotroph

International audienceNitrogen (N2) fixation, or diazotrophy, supports a large part of primary production in oceans. Culture-independent approaches highlighted the presence in abundance of marine non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCD), but their ecophysiology remains elusive, mostly because of the low number of isolated NCD and because of the lack of available genetic tools for these isolates. Here, a dual genetic and functional approach allowed unveiling the ecophysiology of a marine NCD affiliated to the species Vibrio diazotrophicus. Physiological characterization of the first marine NCD mutant obtained so far was performed using a soft-gellan assay, demonstrating that a ΔnifH mutant is not able to grow in nitrogen-free media. Furthermore, we demonstrated that V. diazotrophicus produces a thick biofilm under diazotrophic conditions, suggesting biofilm production as an adaptive response of this NCD to cope with the inhibition of nitrogen fixation by molecular oxygen. Finally, the genomic signature of V. diazotrophicus is essentially absent from metagenomic data of Tara Ocean expeditions, despite having been isolated from various marine environments. We think that the genetically tractable V. diazotrophicus strain used in this study may serve as an ideal model to study the ecophysiology of these overlooked procaryotic group

Genetic and physiological insights into the diazotrophicactivity of a non-cyanobacterial marine diazotroph

International audienceNitrogen (N2) fixation, or diazotrophy, supports a large part of primary production in oceans. Culture-independent approaches highlighted the presence in abundance of marine non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCD), but their ecophysiology remains elusive, mostly because of the low number of isolated NCD and because of the lack of available genetic tools for these isolates. Here, a dual genetic and functional approach allowed unveiling the ecophysiology of a marine NCD affiliated to the species Vibrio diazotrophicus. Physiological characterization of the first marine NCD mutant obtained so far was performed using a soft-gellan assay, demonstrating that a ΔnifH mutant is not able to grow in nitrogen-free media. Furthermore, we demonstrated that V. diazotrophicus produces a thick biofilm under diazotrophic conditions, suggesting biofilm production as an adaptive response of this NCD to cope with the inhibition of nitrogen fixation by molecular oxygen. Finally, the genomic signature of V. diazotrophicus is essentially absent from metagenomic data of Tara Ocean expeditions, despite having been isolated from various marine environments. We think that the genetically tractable V. diazotrophicus strain used in this study may serve as an ideal model to study the ecophysiology of these overlooked procaryotic group

Genetic and physiological insights into the diazotrophic activity of a non‐cyanobacterial marine diazotroph

Nitrogen (N2) fixation, or diazotrophy, supports a large part of primary production in oceans. Culture-independent approaches highlighted the presence in abundance of marine non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCD) but their ecophysiology remains elusive, mostly because of the low number of isolated NCD and because of the lack of available genetic tools for these isolates. Here, a dual genetic and functional approach allowed unveiling the ecophysiology of a marine NCD affiliated to the species Vibrio diazotrophicus. Physiological characterization of the first marine NCD mutant obtained so far was performed using a soft-gellan assay, demonstrating that a ΔnifH mutant in not able to grow in nitrogen-free media. Furthermore, we demonstrated that V. diazotrophicus produces a thick biofilm under diazotrophic conditions, suggesting biofilm production as an adaptive response of this NCD to cope with the inhibition of nitrogen-fixation by molecular oxygen. Finally, the genomic signature of V. diazotrophicus is essentially absent from metagenomic data of Tara Ocean expeditions, despite having been isolated from various marine environments. We think that the genetically tractable V. diazotrophicus strain used in this study may serve as an ideal model to study the ecophysiology of these overlooked procaryotic group