Investigação das alterações neurobiológicas em roedores machos submetidos ao trauma precoce, mediadas pelo consumo crônico de “comfort-food”

Introdução: O estresse na vida adulta está associado ao desenvolvimento de ansiedade e preferência por alimento do tipo “comfort-food” (alimento rico em gordura e/ou açúcar). É proposto que o consumo desse tipo de alimento seja capaz de inibir os sintomas de ansiedade via eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal (HPA) reduzindo os níveis de corticosterona, sendo utilizado como “automedicação”. No entanto, os efeitos a longo prazo do trauma no início da vida sobre estes desfechos de consumo alimentar e comportamentais são menos conhecidos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se uma dieta “comfort-food” é capaz de modificar o comportamento e desfechos neurobiológicos em animais submetidos ao trauma precoce. Métodos: A partir do segundo dia de vida, ninhadas de ratos Wistar e suas genitoras foram submetidas à redução de material para confeccionar o ninho (intervenção). Na vida adulta, os animais foram submetidos a uma dieta do tipo “comfort-food”, contendo gordura (34%) e açúcar (20%). O ganho peso dos animais e o consumo alimentar foi acompanhado semanalmente. A ansiedade foi mensurada usando o teste de labirinto em cruz elevado.A resposta neuroendócrina a 20 minutos de estresse por contenção foi verificada pela mensuração dos níveis plasmáticos de corticosterona imediatamente, 20, 40 e 70 minutos após o fim do estresse. Níveis de leptina, HDL, colesterol total, triglicerídeos, T3, T4 e glicose foram avaliados no plasma. Além disso, os níveis de GR (no hipocampo), SOCS-3 e pSTAT3 (no hipotálamo) foram analisados.O percentual de gordura abdominal foi mensurado. Um grupo controle histórico, gerado e mantido nas mesmas condições e mesma Unidade de Experimentação acompanhado previamente à este estudo foi usado para comparação Este grupo seguiu o mesmo protocolo de trauma neonatal e consumiu dieta padrão do ratário. Resultados: As genitoras do grupo intervenção apresentaram uma menor média de LG comparadas às controles (p=0,020). Os animais ganharam peso de maneira similar ao longo do estudo, antes (p=0,945) e após a exposição a dieta “comfort-food” (p=0,097). Não houve diferenças entre os grupos quanto a preferência alimentar por “comfort-food” (p=0,738). Supreendentemente, o grupo controle quando exposto a dieta “comfort-food” apresentou comportamento do tipo ansioso demonstrado por menor tempo no braço aberto (p=0,011) e menor frequência entrada no braço aberto (p=0,040). No teste de resposta neuroendrócrina ao estresse os grupos expostos a dieta “comfort-food” apresentaram menores níveis de corticosterona ao longo do tempo independente do grupo neonatal (p<0,0001). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas quanto aos níveis de leptina (p=0,588), HDL (p=0,235), colesterol total (p=0,910), triglicerideos (p=0,8393), T3 (p=0,355), T4 (p=0,156) e pSTAT (p=0,142). O grupo intervenção exposto à dieta “comfort-food” apresentou maiores níveis de GR no hipocampo (p=0.004), menores níveis de SOCS-3 no hipotálamo (p=0,035) e maior acúmulo de gordura abdominal (p=0,017). Conclusão: O consumo crônico de dieta do tipo “comfort –food” é capaz de reduzir os níveis hormonais de corticosterona independente da história neonatal de trauma vivenciada. Cronicamente a exposição a essa dieta pode induzir a ansiedade em animais sem história prévia de trauma. O menor nível de SOCS-3 no hipotálamo, sem diferença nos níveis de leptina e o acúmulo de gordura abdominal no grupo intervenção sugerem uma possível resistência a leptina.Introduction: Stress in adulthood is associated with the development of anxiety and preference for “comfort-foods” (foods that are rich in fat and/or sugar). It is proposed that the consumption of this type of food is able to inhibit anxiety symptoms by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, reducing corticosterone levels and being used as "self-medication". However, the long-term effects of early-life trauma on these eating and behavioral outcomes are less well known. Objective: The objective of this study was to verify if a "comfort-food" diet is able to modify behavior and neurobiological outcomes in animals submitted to early trauma. Methods: From the second day of life, litter of Wistar rats and their mothers were submitted to the reduction of material to make the nest (intervention). In adult life, the animals were submitted to a “comfort-food” diet, containing fat (34%) and sugar (20%). Animal weight gain and food consumption were monitored weekly. Anxiety was measured using the pluz maze apparatus. The neuroendocrine response of 20 minutes of contention stress was verified by measuring plasma corticosterone levels immediately, 20, 40 and 70 minutes after the end of stress. Levels of leptin, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, T3, T4 and glucose were evaluated in plasma. In addition, levels of GR (in the hippocampus), SOCS-3 and pSTAT3 (in the hypothalamus) were analyzed. The percentage of abdominal fat was measured. A historical control group, generated and maintained under the same conditions and same Unit of Experimentation followed before this study was used for comparison. This group followed the same neonatal trauma protocol and consumed the standard diet of the rat Results: The dams of the intervention group had a lower LG mean compared to controls (p = 0.020). The animals gained weight similarly throughout the study, before (p = 0.945) and after exposure to a “comfortfood” diet (p = 0.097). There were no differences between the groups regarding the “comfortfood” preference (p = 0.738). Surprisingly, the control group when exposed to the “comfortfood” diet showed an anxious behavior demonstrated by a shorter time in the open arm (p = 0.011) and a lower frequency of open arm (p = 0.040). In the neuroendocrine stress response test, the groups exposed to the “comfort-food” diet had lower levels of corticosterone over time independent of the neonatal group (p <0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of leptin (p = 0.588), HDL (p = 0.235), total cholesterol (p = 0.910), triglycerides (p = 0.8393), T3 (p = = 0.156) and pSTAT (p = 0.142). The intervention group exposed to the “comfort-food” diet had higher levels of GR in the hippocampus (p = 0.004), lower levels of SOCS-3 in the hypothalamus (p = 0.035) and greater accumulation of abdominal fat (p = 0.017). Conclusions: Chronic “comfort-food” diet consumption is able to reduce hormone levels of corticosterone independent of the neonatal history of trauma experienced. Chronically exposure to this diet can induce anxiety in animals without previous history of trauma. The lower level of SOCS-3 in the hypothalamus, with no difference in leptin levels and the accumulation of abdominal fat in the intervention group suggest a possible leptin resistance

Effects of exposure to a cafeteria diet during gestation and after weaning on the metabolism and body weight of adult male offspring in rats

In the present study, we investigated whether maternal exposure to a cafeteria diet affects the metabolism and body composition of offspring and whether such an exposure has a cumulative effect during the lifetime of the offspring. Female rats were fed a control (CON) or a cafeteria (CAF) diet from their own weaning to the weaning of their offspring. At 21 d of age, male offspring were divided into four groups by diet during gestation and after weaning (CON-CON, CON-CAF, CAF-CON and CAF-CAF). Blood was collected from dams (after weaning) and pups (at 30 and 120 d of age) by decapitation. CAF dams had significantly greater body weight and adipose tissue weight and higher concentrations of total cholesterol, insulin and leptin than CON dams (Student’s t test). The energy intake of CAF rats was higher than that of CON rats regardless of the maternal diet (two-way ANOVA). Litters had similar body weights at weaning and at 30 d of age, but at 120 d, CON-CAF rats were heavier. At both ages, CAF rats had greater adipose tissue weight than CON rats regardless of the maternal diet, and the concentrations of TAG and cholesterol were similar between the two groups, as were blood glucose concentrations at 30 d of age. However, at 120 d of age, CAF rats were hyperglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic and hyperleptinaemic regardless of the maternal diet. These findings suggest that maternal obesity does not modulate the metabolism of male offspring independently, modifying body weight only when associated with the intake of a cafeteria diet by the offspring

Interaction between perceived maternal care, anxiety symptoms, and the neurobehavioral response to palatable foods in adolescents

Studies in rodents have shown that early life trauma leads to anxiety, increased stress responses to threatening situations, and modifies food intake in a new environment. However, these associations are still to be tested in humans. This study aimed to verify complex interactions among anxiety diagnosis, maternal care, and baseline cortisol on food intake in a new environment in humans. A community sample of 32 adolescents and young adults was evaluated for: psychiatric diagnosis using standardized interviews, maternal care using the Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI), caloric consumption in a new environment (meal choice at a snack bar), and salivary cortisol. They also performed a brain fMRI task including the visualization of palatable foods vs. neutral items. The study found a three-way interaction between anxiety diagnosis, maternal care, and baseline cortisol levels on the total calories consumed (snacks) in a new environment. This interaction means that for those with high maternal care, there were no significant associations between cortisol levels and food intake in a new environment. However, for those with low maternal care and who have an anxiety disorder (affected), cortisol was associated with higher food intake; whereas for those with low maternal care and who did not have an anxiety disorder (resilient), cortisol was negatively associated with lower food intake. In addition, higher anxiety symptoms were associated with decreased activation in the superior and middle frontal gyrus when visualizing palatable vs. neutral items in those reporting high maternal care. These results in humans mimic experimental research findings and demonstrate that a combination of anxiety diagnosis and maternal care moderate the relationship between the HPA axis functioning, anxiety, and feeding behavior in adolescents and young adults

Sepse: avaliação da qualidade do atendimento em setor de urgência e emergência: Sepsis: assessment of the quality of emergency and emergency care

A Sepse corresponde à presença de uma disfunção orgânica fatal provocada por uma resposta anormal do hospedeiro a um processo infeccioso, que pode progredir para um choque séptico. No decorrer dessa pesquisa, cuja metodologia foi a revisão integrativa de literatura, foram utilizados artigos científicos publicados em periódicos nacionais entre os anos de 2015 e 2022, retirados da base de dados Medline e Lilacs, sendo buscados a partir dos descritores: “Sepse”, “Qualidade do atendimento” e “Urgência e Emergência”. Com o objetivo de analisar a efetividade das ações de cuidados de Enfermagem aplicadas ao sepse adulto, a partir da análise de dados reunidos nesta revisão integrativa, foi possível concluir que a implantação de protocolos para o tratamento resultou em melhorias significativas nos indicadores de qualidade nos cuidados com a sepse, a exemplo da melhoria do fluxo e de atenção aos pacientes e redução da mortalidade nos setores de urgência e emergência

Educomunicação, Transformação Social e Desenvolvimento Sustentável

Esta publicação apresenta os principais trabalhos dos GTs do II Congresso Internacional de Comunicação e Educação nos temas&nbsp;Transformação social, com os artigos que abordam principalmente Educomunicação e/ou Mídia-Educação, no contexto de políticas de diversidade, inclusão e equidade; e, em Desenvolvimento Sustentável&nbsp;os artigos que abordam os avanços da relação comunicação/educação no contexto da educação ambiental e desenvolvimento sustentável

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A social and ecological assessment of tropical land uses at multiple scales: the Sustainable Amazon Network

Science has a critical role to play in guiding more sustainable development trajectories. Here, we present the Sustainable Amazon Network (Rede Amazonia Sustentavel, RAS): a multidisciplinary research initiative involving more than 30 partner organizations working to assess both social and ecological dimensions of land-use sustainability in eastern Brazilian Amazonia. The research approach adopted by RAS offers three advantages for addressing land-use sustainability problems: (i) the collection of synchronized and co-located ecological and socioeconomic data across broad gradients of past and present human use; (ii) a nested sampling design to aid comparison of ecological and socioeconomic conditions associated with different land uses across local, landscape and regional scales; and (iii) a strong engagement with a wide variety of actors and non-research institutions. Here, we elaborate on these key features, and identify the ways in which RAS can help in highlighting those problems in most urgent need of attention, and in guiding improvements in land-use sustainability in Amazonia and elsewhere in the tropics. We also discuss some of the practical lessons, limitations and realities faced during the development of the RAS initiative so far.Keywords: Social–ecological systems, Tropical forests, Land use, Interdisciplinary research, Sustainability, Trade-off