Solid waste characterization in an integrated management context

Tese de mestrado em Ciências do Ambiente, ramo de Qualidade Ambiental.A presente tese aborda a caracterização de resíduos sólidos, no contexto da sua gestão integrada, bem como a sua importância no âmbito do desenvolvimento sustentado. O destaque que se dá à mesma tem como base a persecução dos objectivos delineados em 1997, no Plano Estratégico dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos. Sendo os resíduos sólidos uma consequência directa das actividades diárias das sociedades, urge compreender de que modo evoluem no tempo as suas características principais, quer quantitativa, quer qualitativamente. A caracterização de resíduos sólidos é uma ferramenta de trabalho que permite recolher informação relevante no estudo e aplicação de modelos de gestão adequados e eficientes, nomeadamente em matéria de recolha, transporte, valorização e tratamento dos resíduos produzidos. Foram de forma isolada levadas a cabo, em vários países, campanhas de caracterização no século passado, – existindo registos dos anos 70 e 80 no Brasil e EUA, mas só nos finais desse século ocorreram tentativas para a sua uniformização na Europa. É relevante a existência de diferentes origens e tipologias de resíduos, nomeadamente doméstica, industrial, comercial e de serviços, entre outras. Assim, é necessário que as metodologias a adoptar em cada campanhas de caracterização de resíduos sólidos consigam acompanhar essa diversidade e sejam suficientemente flexíveis para responder a todos os objectivos que se perseguem, sem perda de critério. Neste trabalho pretendeu-se aferir a possibilidade de existir uma única metodologia para a concretização de uma campanha de caracterização de resíduos sólidos, independentemente do país onde é elaborada e onde se pretende aplicar. Neste âmbito, após um enquadramento de questões relacionadas com a gestão dos resíduos sólidos em Portugal, mostrou-se pertinente efectuar um levantamento das metodologias utilizadas nas diversas campanhas para identificar os aspectos de maior dificuldade na planificação e execução de campanhas, bem como, as diferenças relevantes entre elas. A partir de dados por nós recolhidos, em trabalho de campo, entre 2002 e 2004 e que se constituíram no estudo de caso, analisaram-se os aspectos considerados mais relevantes na aplicação de uma metodologia, de forma a consolidar factores de maior divergência ou considerados essenciais à aplicação de um método. O estudo de caso incidiu sobre resíduos urbanos e domésticos. Em matéria de componentes alvo, propõe-se uma lista com um tronco comum, cuja desagregação noutros sub-componentes se equaciona em termos da especificidade de cada campanha de caracterização. No que a uma metodologia diz respeito, os resultados obtidos foram analisados no sentido de propor a quantidade de amostra e o número de amostras a caracterizar em cada campanhaThe present thesis deals with the characterization of solid waste, in an integrated management context, as well as its importance in a sustainable development perspective. The focus given to the characterization has as basis the pursuit of the objectives outlined, in 1997, in the Plano Estratégico Sectorial de Gestão dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos. Being solid waste a direct consequence of the daily activities of our societies, it is important to understand how their main characteristics evolve in time quantitative and qualitatively. The characterization of solid waste is a tool that allows getting together important information to the study and applicability of suitable and efficient management models, mainly in what concerns the gathering, transport, valorisation and treatment of waste. Campaigns of characterization were isolatedly carried out in several countries last century - there are registers in the 70s and 80s in Brazil and USA, but attempts to its uniformization in Europe date from the end of that century. It is relevant the existence of different origins and types of waste, namely domestic, industrial, commercial, services, among others. So, it is necessary that the methodologies to adopt in each campaign of characterization of solid waste might keep up with that diversity and might be sufficiently flexible to answer all pursuit objectives, without loss of criterion. In this research work, we intend to assess the possibility of a unique methodology to the accomplishment of a solid waste campaign characterization, regardless the country where it is elaborated and its application. In this context, after framing issues related with the management of solid waste in Portugal, it is considered pertinent to survey the methodologies used in several campaigns, to identify the most difficult aspects in planning and executing campaigns and, also, their main differences. From data gathered in fieldwork between 2002 and 2004, that comprise the case study, the pertinent aspects to the application of a methodology are analysed, in order to consolidate factors of greater divergence or considered essentials to the application of a method. The case study falls upon urban and domestic waste. As far as target components are concerned, a list with a common trunk is proposed. The desegregation in other subcomponents is considered in terms of the specificness of each characterization campaign. In what concerns the sampling process, the collected results are analyzed aiming at the definition of the quantity of each sample and the number of samples to characterize in each campaign. From the analysis of compiled values, the determination of intervals of admissible values for the amount of each component is established. Knowledge of these values allows monitorization of the results obtained by sampling

Cuidar a educação em São Tomé e Príncipe: primeiros estudos de uma rede de investigação

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AMAZONIA CAMTRAP: A data set of mammal, bird, and reptile species recorded with camera traps in the Amazon forest

The Amazon forest has the highest biodiversity on Earth. However, information on Amazonian vertebrate diversity is still deficient and scattered across the published, peer-reviewed, and gray literature and in unpublished raw data. Camera traps are an effective non-invasive method of surveying vertebrates, applicable to different scales of time and space. In this study, we organized and standardized camera trap records from different Amazon regions to compile the most extensive data set of inventories of mammal, bird, and reptile species ever assembled for the area. The complete data set comprises 154,123 records of 317 species (185 birds, 119 mammals, and 13 reptiles) gathered from surveys from the Amazonian portion of eight countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela). The most frequently recorded species per taxa were: mammals: Cuniculus paca (11,907 records); birds: Pauxi tuberosa (3713 records); and reptiles: Tupinambis teguixin (716 records). The information detailed in this data paper opens up opportunities for new ecological studies at different spatial and temporal scales, allowing for a more accurate evaluation of the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change, and other human-mediated defaunation processes in one of the most important and threatened tropical environments in the world. The data set is not copyright restricted; please cite this data paper when using its data in publications and we also request that researchers and educators inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

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Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit