A Review of the Ammonia Issue and Pork Production

During the last few decades, an increasing interest in, and respect for, the environment has arisen. This has consequences for livestock production. Air can become polluted by noxious odors from animal husbandry. A particular example is odor emission from pig buildings, because in several parts of the world pig production has become highly specialized, industrialized and concentrated geographically. Air quality in pig facilities, as it influences the well-being of animals and workers, has become a major concern for pork producers. Odors emanating from pig slurry are an increasing source of environmental pollution as well as a nuisance to the human population in the vicinity. Emission regulations that establish a maximum acceptable emission rate for individual pollutants released from a source are currently under debate for production agriculture in several regions throughout the United States. To meet increasingly stringent air quality demands, pork producers will be obligated to adopt technologies and innovations in production to minimize the concentration of pollutants present in the odor emitted from pig facilities. The purpose of this review is to discuss how ammonia is produced, the human health concerns involved, and the control of ammonia and odor emission

Dietary Amino Acid Utilization for Body Protein Deposition — Current and Future Research

In modern pork production it is important to maximize the animal’s potential for daily lean gain by increasing the body protein deposition with as little wastage of the ingested amino acids as possible. Therefore, it is important to maximize the efficiency with which dietary amino acids are used for protein deposition or lean gain. This efficiency is measured by using nitrogen balance studies or comparative slaughter procedures. Supplementing swine diets with crystalline amino acids and replacing part of the dietary protein can reduce diet cost and will also reduce the amount of nitrogen excreted in manure. However, it has been demonstrated that the efficiency of utilization of crystalline amino acids may be lower than that of amino acids bound in protein. Although the reasons for this are unclear, it may be associated with the frequency of feeding and differences in the rate of absorption between the two sources of amino acids. Research in progress is designed to investigate the efficiency with which crystalline lysine is utilized for protein deposition in nursery pigs. This research will obtain additional information about the relative utilization of crystalline and protein-bound amino acids

Body Composition, Protein Deposition, and Efficiency of Lysine Utilization of Growing Pigs Fed Crystalline or Protein-Bound Lysine

Two 4-week experiments were conducted to determine body composition and lysine utilization for protein deposition (PD) in barrows and gilts. Thirty-two growing pigs (16 barrows and 16 gilts; average initial body weight of 40.4 lb) were used in each experiment. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of seven dietary treatments. Four pigs (two barrows and two gilts) were killed at the start and the remaining pigs were killed at the end of the experiments to determine body composition. There were two replications per treatment in each experiment for a total of four replications. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (0.55% lysine) and diets containing 0.65, 0.75, and 0.85% lysine that were achieved by adding lysine to the basal diet from either soybean meal (SBM) or L-lysine•HCl (crystalline). Body protein concentration was greater (P \u3c 0.01) in pigs fed the 0.75% crystalline- supplemented diet than in pigs fed SBM at the same concentration. Gilts had greater (P = 0.05) body lysine concentration than barrows. Body PD and lysine deposition increased linearly with dietary lysine concentration (P \u3c 0.01), but were not different between the two sources of lysine (SBM vs crystalline, respectively) at the same concentration. Barrows and gilts had similar PD and lysine deposition. Body fat concentration decreased (P \u3c 0.01) as the dietary lysine concentration increased for both lysine sources; however, fat deposition was not affected by diet. Water deposition increased with dietary lysine concentration (P = 0.05). Body ash content was similar in pigs fed crystalline or SBM-lysine. The results suggest that PD of growing pigs fed lysine from SBM is similar to that of pigs fed crystalline lysine. Pigs fed 0.75% or 0.85% total lysine (0.20% or 0.30% from SBM) had greater (P \u3c 0.05) efficiency of lysine utilization than pigs fed crystalline-supplemented diets at the same concentration. Gilts utilized lysine from SBM more efficiently than barrows (P \u3c 0.05) at the dietary lysine concentration of 0.75 and 0.85%. The results indicate no significant differences in PD of pigs fed supplemented diets from L-lysine•HCl and soybean meal. However, it appears that the efficiency of lysine utilization of gilts fed diets supplemented with SBM-bound lysine is greater than that of barrows. Supplementing low-protein diets with crystalline amino acids at adequate concentrations can offer environmental benefits towards reducing nitrogen excretion without affecting protein deposition

Body Composition, Protein Deposition, and Efficiency of Lysine Utilization of Growing Pigs Fed Crystalline or Protein-Bound Lysine

Two 4-week experiments were conducted to determine body composition and lysine utilization for protein deposition (PD) in barrows and gilts. Thirty-two growing pigs (16 barrows and 16 gilts; average initial body weight of 40.4 lb) were used in each experiment. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of seven dietary treatments. Four pigs (two barrows and two gilts) were killed at the start and the remaining pigs were killed at the end of the experiments to determine body composition. There were two replications per treatment in each experiment for a total of four replications. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (0.55% lysine) and diets containing 0.65, 0.75, and 0.85% lysine that were achieved by adding lysine to the basal diet from either soybean meal (SBM) or L-lysine•HCl (crystalline). Body protein concentration was greater (P \u3c 0.01) in pigs fed the 0.75% crystalline- supplemented diet than in pigs fed SBM at the same concentration. Gilts had greater (P = 0.05) body lysine concentration than barrows. Body PD and lysine deposition increased linearly with dietary lysine concentration (P \u3c 0.01), but were not different between the two sources of lysine (SBM vs crystalline, respectively) at the same concentration. Barrows and gilts had similar PD and lysine deposition. Body fat concentration decreased (P \u3c 0.01) as the dietary lysine concentration increased for both lysine sources; however, fat deposition was not affected by diet. Water deposition increased with dietary lysine concentration (P = 0.05). Body ash content was similar in pigs fed crystalline or SBM-lysine. The results suggest that PD of growing pigs fed lysine from SBM is similar to that of pigs fed crystalline lysine. Pigs fed 0.75% or 0.85% total lysine (0.20% or 0.30% from SBM) had greater (P \u3c 0.05) efficiency of lysine utilization than pigs fed crystalline-supplemented diets at the same concentration. Gilts utilized lysine from SBM more efficiently than barrows (P \u3c 0.05) at the dietary lysine concentration of 0.75 and 0.85%. The results indicate no significant differences in PD of pigs fed supplemented diets from L-lysine•HCl and soybean meal. However, it appears that the efficiency of lysine utilization of gilts fed diets supplemented with SBM-bound lysine is greater than that of barrows. Supplementing low-protein diets with crystalline amino acids at adequate concentrations can offer environmental benefits towards reducing nitrogen excretion without affecting protein deposition

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas sobre casos de violencia de género reportados en un hospital del cantón Ambato periodo 2018 – 2019

In Ecuador, gender violence has been increasing over time and is one of the main reasons for consultation in emergency services. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of cases of gender-based violence in the emergency department of a basic hospital in the Ambato canton during the period 2018 - 2019. A descriptive, longitudinal, retrospective study was conducted in patients who attended for violence. Data were collected by reviewing medical records, aggression and violence records. Frequencies and percentages of the variables were calculated. A prevalence of 1143 reported cases of gender violence was found, with physical violence being more frequent with 81.8% than sexual or psychological violence. 64.2% of the reported cases occurred in the female sex, while 91.86% were cases originating from primary consultation.En Ecuador la violencia de género ha ido aumentado acorde el avance del tiempo, y constituye uno de los principales motivos de consulta en los servicios de emergencias. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo determinar la incidencia de casos por violencia de género que acuden al servicio de emergencias de un hospital básico del cantón Ambato durante el periodo 2018 – 2019. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo en los pacientes que acudieron por violencia. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante la revisión de las historias clínicas, fichas de agresión y violencia. Se calcularon las frecuencias y porcentajes de las variables. Se encontró una prevalencia de 1143 casos reportados por violencia de género, siendo la más frecuente la violencia física con 81.8% que la sexual o psicológica. El 64.2% los casos reportados ocurrieron en el sexo femenino, mientras que el 91.86% fueron casos que se originaron por consulta primaria.

Lípidos sanguíneos en cerdos alimentados con pijiguao (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) y lisina sintética

RESUMENObjetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la harina de pijiguao y lisina sintética sobre los lípidossanguíneos de cerdos en crecimiento y engorde. Materiales y métodos. El estudio serealizó en dos etapas. En la primera etapa se utilizaron 72 cerdos castrados en crecimientode 30 ± 0.5 kg, en un arreglo factorial 2x3: dos niveles de lisina sintética (0 y 2.70 g/kg)y tres niveles de harina de pijiguao (0, 160 y 320 g/kg). En la segunda etapa se utilizaron16 cerdos en engorde de 67.25 ± 1.17 kg, en un arreglo factorial 2x2: dos niveles de lisinasintética (0 y 2.70 g/kg) y dos niveles de pijiguao (0 y 175 g/kg). Se determinaron lasconcentraciones séricas de triacilgliceroles, colesterol total y ácidos grasos. Resultados.Los cerdos en crecimiento que consumieron pijiguao presentaron menores (p<0.001)concentraciones de colesterol que el grupo control (2.27 y 2.23 mmol/l vs 2.56 mmol/l) ytriacilgliceroles (0.34 y 0.28 mmol/l vs 0.42 mmol/l). El ácido oleico incrementó (p<0.01)con el mayor nivel de pijiguao (20.78% a 28.84%), y la lisina aumentó (p<0.05) el ácidolinoleico (27.83% a 31.29%). Los cerdos alimentados con pijiguao y lisina mostraronmenor (p<0.001) ácido palmítico que el grupo con pijiguao sin lisina (0.23 y 0.19% vs0.45 y 0.62%, respectivamente). En la etapa de engorde los triacilgliceroles disminuyeron(p<0.05) en los cerdos alimentados con pijiguao y lisina (0.46 a 0.36 mmol/l). Los cerdosalimentados con pijiguao mostraron menor ácido linoleico y mayor ácido oleico (p<0.001).Conclusiones. Las dietas con pijiguao y lisina sintética no causaron efectos negativossobre los lípidos sanguíneos de cerdos

Effects of lysine to metabolizable energy ratio in the diet on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs

To evaluate the effects of dietary digestible lysine and metabolizable energy ratio (Lys:ME; g/Mcal) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs, 70 crossbred barrows (Yorkshire × Landrace) were randomly allotted in a design of two complete blocks with five diets and seven replications of two pigs each. Pigs were fed ad libitum in two phases with diets containing 2.00, 2.29, 2.57, 2.85 and 3.14 g/Mcal in phase I (26.61-56.68 kg live weight) and 1.54, 1.77, 2.00, 2.22 and 2.45 g/Mcal in phase II (56.68-83.36 kg). Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed:gain ratio (FG) were evaluated. Backfat depth (BF) and longissimus muscle area (LMA) were measured and lean gain (LG) and lean yield (LY) were calculated. In the evaluated phases, ADG, ADFI and FG did not significantly differ among treatments. In Phase II, ADG increased and FG decreased linearly (P <0.05) with the ratio Lys:ME. In Phase I, the ratio affected (linear, P <0.05) BF. The greatest BF (4.67 mm) corresponded to 2.00 g/Mcal. The LG showed a quadratic (P <0.05) and linear (P = 0.01) response in Phases I and II, respectively, reaching 398 g/d with 2.85 g Lys/Mcal in Phase I. The ratio of Lys:EM within the range studied did not affect growth performance and the majority of carcass characteristics of growing pigs

Evaluation of Digestible lysine levels in diets with high energy density for finishing pigs

ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate the effects of different levels of digestible lysine in diets with high energy density on productive performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Materials and Methods. Seventy crossbred barrows (initial body weight of 83.36 kg) were used and allotted in a randomized block design with five treatments, seven replications and two pigs per experimental unit. Pigs were fed ad libitum with diets containing 3.5 kcal/kg of ME and five levels of digestible lysine (0.46, 0.52, 0.58, 0.64 and 0.70%) during four weeks. Final live weight (FLW), daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion (FC), daily lysine intake (DLI), and the amount of lysine per body weight gain (DLI/DWG), were evaluated. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken from each pig to determine urea nitrogen concentration (UN) in serum and slaughtered to evaluate quantitative and qualitative carcass characteristics. Results. The FLW increased linearly (p<0.05).There were no differences among treatments for DFI, DWG, FC, carcass characteristics and UN. The DLI and DLI/DWG varied significantly (p<0.001) and increased linearly (p<0.001) with each lysine level. Pigs that consumed the limiting diet in lysine (0.46%) showed less DLI and DLI/DWG (p<0.001) than pigs fed the other diets. Conclusions. The amount of DLI/DWG increased with the evaluated levels of digestible lysine in diets with high energy density, without effects on productive performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs.   RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos de diferentes niveles de lisina digestible en dietas con alta densidad energética sobre el desempeño productivo y características de la canal de cerdos en finalización. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 70 cerdos (peso inicial de 83.36 kg) mestizos castrados, distribuidos en un diseño de bloques al azar con cinco tratamientos, siete repeticiones y dos cerdos por unidad experimental. Los cerdos fueron alimentados ad libitum con dietas que contenían 3.5 Mcal/kg de energía metabolizable y cinco niveles de lisina digestible (0.46, 0.52, 0.58, 0.64 y 0.70%) durante cuatro semanas. Se evaluaron: peso vivo final (PVF), consumo diario de alimento (CDA), ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), conversión de alimento (CA), consumo diario de lisina (CDLis) y la cantidad de lisina por peso ganado (CDLis/GDP). Al final de experimento, se extrajeron muestras de sangre de todos los cerdos para determinar la concentración de nitrógeno ureico (NU) en suero sanguíneo y luego se sacrificaron para evaluar las características cualitativas y cuantitativas de la canal. Resultados. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para CDA, GDP, CA, características de la canal y NU. El PVF incrementó linealmente (p<0.05). El CDLis y la CDLis/GDP variaron significativamente (p<0.001) e incrementaron linealmente (p<0.001) con cada nivel de lisina. Los cerdos que consumieron la dieta limitante en lisina (0.46%) mostraron menor consumo y CDLis/GDP (p<0.001) que los cerdos alimentados con las otras dietas. Conclusiones. Los niveles de lisina digestible evaluados en dietas con alta densidad energética aumentan la CDLis/GDP, sin efectos sobre el desempeño productivo y las características de la canal de los cerdos en finalización

Estudios culturales : prácticas diversas, enfoques pluralistas

1 archivo PDF (294 páginas) : incluye ilustracionesDesde el ámbito de los estudios culturales plantea un acercamiento teórico y metodológico multidisciplinar en el que a partir de la reflexión y el estudio de casos se analizan problemáticas reales de la historia de la cultura mexicana. Ciencia y humanismo, empirismo y reflexión son las caras de la moneda de una tendencia epistemológica que en las últimas décadas se ha planteado en el ámbito de la investigación sociológica y antropológica bajo el marbete de estudios culturales, con el objetivo de aprehender el complejo funcionamiento de los procesos culturales en las sociedades modernas. Recoge colaboraciones que abordan aspectos esenciales en el debate sobre los estudios culturales como el estado de las instituciones y la acción política, los exilios, desexilios y los movimientos migratorios entre México y Estados Unidos y sus influencias en la adaptación de los migrantes a ambos lados de la frontera, la problemática de la sexualidad y las formas de violencia, el tratamiento de la enfermedad y de la muerte, la crisis socioeconómica, el incipiente debate sobre las culturas digitales o la conciencia ecológica y medioambiental en el México de hoy. En primer lugar encontramos cuatro textos que analizan la problemática de la migración en México desde cuatro perspectivas distintas. Ana Ochoa O’Leary analiza las nuevas perspectivas de la movilización política en el sur de Estados Unidos ante los graves problemas de adaptación de los migrantes derivados de las decisiones legislativas de los últimos gobiernos nacionales y federales estadounidenses. Adriana María Eugenia Cabrera destaca la influencia de los movimientos migratorios en el patrimonio cultural de las zonas afectadas a través del estudio del proceso de identidad social del migrante y su intensa relación con los edificios históricos. También en el culto a las imágenes hay una influencia evidente del fenómeno de la migración, como muestran Pablo Martínez y María del Refugio Piña en el caso de los exvotos donados al Niño de Atocha. Política, arquitectura, antropología y también la literatura como paradigma de la migración en el trabajo de Teresita Quiroz sobre los movimientos migratorios hacia la ciudad de México en la narrativa de Mariano Azuela. El segundo apartado recoge colaboraciones bajo el epígrafe “Narratividad, discursos e identidades” en el que se mezclan perspectivas de configuración de identidades en el periodo virreinal en el estudio de Beatriz Aracil sobre el viaje de Cortés a la Mar del Sur y la transformación del sujeto colonial y reflexiones sobre lo hispano en pleno proceso de Independencia durante las primeras décadas del siglo XIX a través de artículos y monografías de Anselmo Portilla y Niceto Zamaçois planteadas por Alfredo Moreno Flores. El viaje continúa con el trabajo de Blanca Estela López y José Silvestre Revueltas sobre la narratividad para juegos y rituales, que antecede a las reflexiones literarias de Daniel Santillán sobre la identidad nacional en Margarita de Niebla, de Jaime Torres Bodet y el acercamiento a la mujer mexicana del xix a través de las referencias literarias a la lencería en cuatro autores de la época que plantea Margarita Alegría. El apartado concluye con análisis del viaje de escritores diplomáticos del XIX en China propuesto por María Fernanda García de los Arcos. “Justicia, ciudadanos y luchas sociales” propone una reflexión histórica sobre el sistema judicial y el estado de las cárceles mexicanas a partir del estudio de María Elvira Buelna y Antonio Salcedo Flores y dos ejemplos de articulación ciudadana y lucha social en los estudios de Marta Ochman y Reyna Sánchez Estévez. “Imágenes, redes y fotoperiodismo” refleja la importancia de la imagen en la sociología contemporánea y su revalorización en el estudio de textos histórico-literarios como el Diario de guerra de Simone de Beauvoir que plantea Ma. Eugenia Rabadán Villalpando y en el contexto musical hardcorero del trabajo de José A. Trejo Sánchez, que destaca la importancia de la conexión en red como emblema de pertenencia a un grupo social entre los jóvenes artistas del Valle de Toluca. “Discapacidad y muerte” enfrenta un problema crucial entre los jóvenes indígenas en Chiapas: el suicidio, a propuesta de Jorge Magaña Ochoa y debate la asistencia a niños con Síndrome de Down en el México contemporáneo en el estudio de Janeth Rojas Contreras. José Carlos Vizuete Mendoza reflexiona en el apartado “Iglesias” sobre la evolución centralizadora y descentralizadora de la estructura de gobierno, los rituales de culto, el calendario festivo y la lengua de la liturgia cristiana. Para concluir, Judith Catalina Navarro Gómez presenta en “Energía y Medio Ambiente” la problemática energética en el mundo contemporáneo y unas pautas para mejorar el medio ambiente a partir de una nueva cultura de la energía y Martha Eugenia Rodríguez y Jimena Pérez plantean un estudio de la conciencia ambiental en la ciudad de México en tres momentos históricos: siglo XVIII, siglo XIX y siglo XX y su repercusión en la salud pública

Influence of crystalline or protein -bound lysine on lysine utilization for growth and protein deposition in nursery and growing pigs

A preliminary study and a 4-wk experiment was conducted to determine the efficiency of utilization of crystalline lysine relative to the lysine in soybean meal for growth performance, protein deposition (PD) and effects on plasma urea concentrations in nursery pigs. The requirement was approximately 1.35% lysine in the preliminary experiment. The dietary treatments in the 4-wk experiment consisted of a basal diet (1.05% lysine) and diets containing 1.15 and 1.25% lysine that were achieved by adding lysine to the basal diet from either soybean meal (SBM) or L-lysine·HCl (crystalline lysine). Growth performance was similar among dietary treatments (P \u3e 0.10). Protein deposition was similar for both supplemented-diets. The efficiency of lysine utilization for PD was similar between sources. Two 4-wk experiments were conducted to determine lysine utilization for growth and carcass traits in barrows and gilts fed individually or in groups. One hundred twelve growing pigs were used in each experiment. Pigs were fed individually or in groups of three. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (0.55% lysine) and diets containing 0.65, 0.75, and 0.85% lysine that were achieved by adding lysine to the basal diet from either SBM or L-lysine·HCl. At the end of the experiment, pigs fed individually were slaughtered. Growth performance and carcass traits were similar between sources (P \u3e 0.10). Plasma urea concentrations decreased for pigs consuming crystalline-supplemented diets and increased for pigs consuming SBM-supplemented diets during the 4-wk experimental period. Body PD increased linearly with dietary lysine concentration (P \u3c 0.01) but was not different between the two sources of lysine at the same concentration. Barrows and gilts had similar PD. Body fat concentration decreased (P \u3c 0.01) as the dietary lysine concentration increased for both lysine sources. Water deposition increased with dietary lysine concentration (P = 0.05). The results suggest that growth and PD of growing and nursery pigs fed lysine from SBM is similar to that of pigs fed crystalline lysine