The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure

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no.2 (1976

A framework for blue energy enabled energy storage in reverse osmosis processes

Reverse osmosis (RO) is perhaps the most promising desalination technology, but it is facing growing economic challenges when coupled to an intermittent energy supply, such as renewable energy-based grids. A technology with similar components to reverse osmosis is pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), which produces energy from differences in salt concentration (blue energy). However, with the increasing cost-competitiveness of wind and solar photovoltaic renewable energy, PRO faces severe technoeconomic challenges as a stand-alone energy technology. To address cost and energy challenges of both RO and PRO, we propose a framework to intermittently operate RO with an instantaneous, electricity-producing PRO mode by taking advantage of the component overlap and existing infrastructure. Here, we analyze the process and component efficiencies associated with a hybridized RO-PRO system and outline the associated technoeconomic limitations. This approach considered operating PRO by mixing seawater RO brine with either RO permeate or a cheap low salinity water source. The results show that a hybridized system may make PRO viable in a niche subset of conditions, including a combination of relatively cheap water (\u3c$1/m3), pricier electricity (\u3e$0.15/kWh), and with electricity pricing schemes having large differences between lowest and highest prices. This hybridization may effectively allow a hybrid PRO-mode system to act as a cheaper, yet less efficient, salinity gradient energy storage mechanism. However, the economics are extremely challenging unless there is inexpensive, or even free, low salinity water source (e.g. treated wastewater) available