Drafting a composite indicator of validity for regulatory models and legal systems

The aim of this paper is to lay the groundwork for the creation of a composite indicator of the validity of regulatory systems. The composite nature of the indicator implies a) that its construction is embedded in the long-standing theoretical debate and framework of legal validity; b) that it formally contains other sub-indicators whose occurrence is essential to the determination of validity. The paper suggests, in other words, that validity is a second-degree property, i.e., one that occurs only once the justice, efficiency, effectiveness, and enforceability of the system have been checked

Suspected tick-borne flavivirus meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs from the UK: six cases (2021)

Objectives: Tick-borne encephalitis virus and louping ill virus are neurotropic flaviviruses transmitted by ticks. Epidemiologically, tick-borne encephalitis is endemic in Europe whereas louping ill's predominant geographical distribution is the UK. Rarely, these flaviviruses affect dogs causing neurological signs. This case series aimed to describe the clinical, clinicopathological, and imaging findings, as well as the outcomes in six dogs with meningoencephalitis and/or meningomyelitis caused by a flavivirus in the UK in 2021. Materials and Methods: Observational retrospective case-series study. Clinical data were retrieved from medical records of dogs with positive serological or immunohistochemical results from three different institutions from spring to winter 2021. Results: Six dogs were included in the study. All dogs presented an initial phase of pyrexia and/or lethargy followed by progressive signs of spinal cord and/or intracranial disease. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral and symmetrical lesions affecting the grey matter of the thalamus, pons, medulla oblongata, and thoracic or lumbar intumescences with none or mild parenchymal and meningeal contrast enhancement. Serology for tick-borne encephalitis virus was positive in five dogs with the presence of seroconversion in two dogs. The viral distinction between flaviviruses was not achieved. One dog with negative serology presented positive immunohistochemistry at post-mortem examination. Three dogs survived but presented neurological sequelae. Three dogs were euthanased due to the rapid progression of the clinical signs or static neurological signs. Clinical Significance: These cases raise awareness of the presence of tick-borne encephalitis as an emergent disease or the increased prevalence of louping ill virus affecting dogs in the UK

Determination of levels of sustainability of the process of production of bitter cane (Gynerium sagittatum) boards through the ACV-Coclowen method

Las nuevas propuestas de materiales de construcción están sometidas actualmente a requerimientos, no sólo de calidad, bajos costos y seguridad, sino también, a la determinación y disminución de los impactos ambientales o niveles de sostenibilidad de esos productos a través de su ciclo de vida. De ahí que, la propuesta de manufactura de tableros aglomerados a partir de caña brava, y resto de gramíneas (bambú y guadua), sea una alternativa positiva de proyección presente y futura para la industria forestal y de la construcción. Eso no deja de considerar que esta última, y todos los subsectores en los que influye, sean de los que más impactos ambientales generen. Por ello, el trabajo de evaluación con el método ACV- Coclowen, define los niveles de sostenibilidad en el ciclo de vida de los tableros de caña brava, desde la obtención de materias primas, el proceso de manufactura industrial, su uso y disposición final. Se determinó, que es en las etapas de adquisición del adhesivo fenol formaldehído, transformación y secado de las cañas en partículas, donde se presentan negativamente los más significativos niveles de sostenibilidad. Las recomendaciones permiten considerar aspectos técnicos para la toma de decisiones oportunas, al momento del establecimiento de una planta industrial de tableros de caña [email protected]@[email protected] for new construction materials should consider such requirements as quality, costs, and safety for humans and the environment. A consideration should also be given to the life cycle of such materials. A proposal for the manufacturing of composite boards from bitter cane and other gramineous plants (bamboo and guadua) could be considered a positive alternative projection of the forest industry for construction materials. taking into account that the forest industry generates environmental impacts, the ACV- Coclowen method defines the sustainability levels in the manufacturing cycle of bitter cane composite boards from raw materials, manufacturing processes, end use, and final disposal of potential contaminants it was determined that the most significant harming impact is represented by the phenol based adhesive and the production and drying of bitter cane particles. The evaluation results generated some recommendation on technical aspects to be considered at the moment the industry for the fabrication of bitter cane boards is being planned

Caña brava particle board and adhesive fenol - formaldehyde (R 10% / R 13%) design.

CONTENIDO Durabilidad natural de maderas comunes en el bajo apure de Venezuela I: chigo y saladillo. Common timber natural durability of the Apure lowlands in Venezuela I: chigo and saladillo. Holmquist, Otón; Cadenas, Aurora; Pietrantonio, Pietro; Bracamonte, Lilian; Colmenter C. y Valladares Y. Durabilidad de maderas tratadas con CCA y CCB en suelos de Judibana y San Juan de Lagunillas, estado Mérida, Venezuela. Durability of treated wood with CCA and CCB exposed to Judibana and San Juan de Lagunillas soils, Mérida, Venezuela. Mora, Néstor; Encinas, Osvaldo; Molina, Yoly; Vielma A., José Diseño de tableros de partículas de caña brava y adhesivo fenol-formaldehído (R 10% / R 13%). Caña brava particle board and adhesive fenol - formaldehyde (R 10% / R 13%) design. Contreras M., Wilver; Owen de Contreras, Mary E.; Cloquell B., Vicente; Contreras M., Yoston; Garay J., Dario A. Relación entre la mortalidad y los suelos en las plantaciones de pino caribe del oriente de Venezuela. Relationship between the mortality and the soils, in plantations of caribbean pine in the east of Venezuela. Lugo S., Leonardo; Mora, Argenis; Suárez, Carmen y Montarulio, Maria Evaluación de rendimientos y rentabilidad de los componentes asociados swietenia macrophylla (caoba), cedrela odorata (cedro) y carica papaya (lechosa), establecidos en ensayos agroforestales en la finca ULA, estación experimental Caparo, edo. Barinas, Venezuela. Yield evaluation and profitability of associated components in swietenia macrophylla (caoba), cedrela odorata (cedro) and carica papaya (lechosa) established in agroforestry trials in the ULA caparo experimental station, Barinas state, Venezuela. Villarreal, Alberto; Carrero G., Omar E.; Arends, Ernesto; Sánchez P., Domingo A. y Escalante, [email protected], [email protected]; [email protected]@[email protected]@ula.veNivel analíticosemestra

Archaeology, chronology, and age-diet insights of two late fourth millennium cal BC pit graves from central southern Iberia (Córdoba, Spain)

This study presents the isotopic ratios, radiocarbon datings, and anthropological analyses of five (N = 5) Early Copper Age individuals from two archaeological sites (Arruzafa and Iglesia Antigua de Alcolea) of the Middle Guadalquivir Valley near the city of Córdoba (Spain). Four had been buried in the same grave, possibly in a single event or in a very short time lapse. The collagen residue analyses of the individuals offer δC values ranging between −20.08 and −18.4 and δN values between 8.57 and 11.15. The findings indicate that the infant and the elderly had, respectively, the richest and poorest animal protein diets, the first likely as a result of nursing. The combined study of these five individuals offers an interesting approach to a small segment of population of the farming communities occupying this territory at the beginning of the Copper Age (3200–3000 cal BC).Consejería de Innovación y Empresa-Junta de Andalucía, Grant/Award Number: HUM-06165