6 research outputs found
An alternative Drum test method to UNECE Regulation 117 for measuring tyre/road noise under laboratory controlled conditions
Tyre/road sound emissions have been proved to be the main source of noise caused by road traffic when
traveling at medium and high speeds (Sandberg and Ejsmont, 2002). Tyre/road noise has been widely
studied among the last decades. However, an important part of this research has been focused, mainly,
on track tests. Different track or road methods have been developed for measurement of tyre/road sound
emissions. The most important ones are the Coast-By, the Close-Proximity, the Statistical Pass-By or the
Controlled Pass-By methods. Among all of them, the Coast-By method has been raised in Europe as standard
method concerning the approval of tyres with regard to tyre/road sound emissions as preconized in
UNECE Regulation 117 (2007)[2]. However, all the above mentioned methods have several disadvantages
such as the influence of environmental factors, the different results that can be obtained depending on
the test track or the vehicle upon which the tests are carried out, the lack of repeatability or, the most
important aspect, which is the limitation of the measured magnitude, the sound pressure level.
A new methodology (Clar-Garcia et al., 2016) based on drum tests and the ISO 3744 (1994), which was
developed in order to avoid these limitations, has been proved to be comparable to the Coast-By (CB)
method. This paper describes how different tyres have been tested according to both the CB and the
new Alternative Drum test method (A-DR) while their results have been compared. In order to be able
to carry out this comparison, as the measured magnitudes and test conditions differ widely from one test
to another, the standardised ISO 9613 sound propagation method (ISO 9613-2, 1996) has been applied to
obtain the sound pressure value at 7.5 m from the sound power level of a tyre measured under
laboratory-controlled conditions when rolling against a drum. Results have shown that both methods
are not only comparable but also have remarkably similar sound spectra and, for that reason, the new
methodology based on drum tests can be used in order to obtain tyre/road noise emission approved
values
The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients
Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation
Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort
Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be classified into sub-phenotypes according to different inflammatory/clinical status. Prognostic enrichment was achieved by grouping patients into hypoinflammatory or hyperinflammatory sub-phenotypes, even though the time of analysis may change the classification according to treatment response or disease evolution. We aimed to evaluate when patients can be clustered in more than 1 group, and how they may change the clustering of patients using data of baseline or day 3, and the prognosis of patients according to their evolution by changing or not the cluster.Methods Multicenter, observational prospective, and retrospective study of patients admitted due to ARDS related to COVID-19 infection in Spain. Patients were grouped according to a clustering mixed-type data algorithm (k-prototypes) using continuous and categorical readily available variables at baseline and day 3.Results Of 6205 patients, 3743 (60%) were included in the study. According to silhouette analysis, patients were grouped in two clusters. At baseline, 1402 (37%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2341(63%) in cluster 2. On day 3, 1557(42%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2086 (57%) in cluster 2. The patients included in cluster 2 were older and more frequently hypertensive and had a higher prevalence of shock, organ dysfunction, inflammatory biomarkers, and worst respiratory indexes at both time points. The 90-day mortality was higher in cluster 2 at both clustering processes (43.8% [n = 1025] versus 27.3% [n = 383] at baseline, and 49% [n = 1023] versus 20.6% [n = 321] on day 3). Four hundred and fifty-eight (33%) patients clustered in the first group were clustered in the second group on day 3. In contrast, 638 (27%) patients clustered in the second group were clustered in the first group on day 3.Conclusions During the first days, patients can be clustered into two groups and the process of clustering patients may change as they continue to evolve. This means that despite a vast majority of patients remaining in the same cluster, a minority reaching 33% of patients analyzed may be re-categorized into different clusters based on their progress. Such changes can significantly impact their prognosis
Metodología de ensayo en laboratorio para la medición del ruido de rodadura de neumáticos
La interacción neumático/carretera es la principal fuente de emisión de ruido causado por el
tráfico rodado cuando se circula a velocidades de más de 30 km/h y de menos de 120 km/h, a partir
de la cual, el ruido aerodinámico empieza a predominar. Varios métodos tales como el Coast-By, el
Close-Proximity, el Statistical Pass-By o el Controlled Pass-By se han utilizado durante las últimas
décadas para medir la emisión de ruido. Sin embargo, desde que se publicó el Reglamento (CE) No
1222/2009 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 25 de noviembre de 2009 sobre el etiquetado
de los neumáticos en relación con la eficiencia en términos de consumo de carburante y otros
parámetros esenciales, solo el método descrito en el Reglamento 117 de la Comisión Económica para
Europa de las Naciones Unidas (CEPE) Disposiciones uniformes relativas a la homologación de
neumáticos por lo que se refiere a las emisiones de ruido de rodadura, a la adherencia en superficie
mojada y/o a la resistencia a la rodadura, puede ser usado con la finalidad de obtener valores
aceptados de emisión sonora para el ruido de rodadura. Todos estos métodos convencionales tienen varias desventajas y limitaciones tales como la
falta de repetibilidad, la influencia de factores ambientales o los diferentes resultados que pueden
ser obtenidos dependiendo de la pista de ensayo o del vehículo con el cual se lleven a cabo los
ensayos. Hace falta, por tanto, una metodología de ensayo que sea capaz de eliminar o reducir todas
las desventajas enumeradas anteriormente y mediante la cual la medida del ruido de rodadura sea
más rápida, fiable y económica.
La presente Tesis Doctoral desarrolla un nuevo método de ensayo para la obtención del nivel
de potencia sonora que emite un neumático en banco de ensayos tipo Drum basándose en la norma
internacional ISO 3744. Este nuevo enfoque combina la experiencia del método ISO con el
procedimiento experimental desarrollado en las instalaciones de ensayo de neumáticos del
Laboratorio de Vehículos de la Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche. La novedad radica en que ninguno de los grupos de investigación que ha ensayado el ruido
de rodadura de neumáticos usando tambores lo ha hecho por medio de un método de ingeniería
específico estandarizado para determinar el nivel de potencia acústica. Por el contrario, todas las
pruebas anteriores han considerado únicamente la presión sonora que es una magnitud que
depende de factores tales como el medio en el que viajan las ondas sonoras, la atenuación o la
distancia de la fuente sonora por lo que mediante la medición de la presión sonora no es posible cuantificar la potencia del sonido de la fuente a menos que todos y cada uno de los factores
anteriormente mencionados estén estrictamente controlados y definidos, hecho que no sucede
totalmente en la metodología descrita en el Reglamento 117.
Esta nueva metodología para realizar los ensayos en laboratorio tipo Drum, incluye la
localización de los micrófonos, la obtención de los factores de corrección por ruido de fondo y por
entorno acústico de ensayo y el procedimiento operativo para la medición de la presión sonora y la
obtención de la potencia sonora que emite el neumático.
El nuevo método ha sido validado mediante la comparación con los resultados obtenidos en
numerosos ensayos en pista realizados siguiendo el método Coast-By descrito en el Reglamento 117
y utilizando el modelo de propagación sonora descrito en la norma ISO 9613, mediante el cual ha
sido posible obtener el nivel de presión sonora que se obtendría en el ensayo en pista a partir del
nivel de potencia sonora obtenido en el laboratorio de ensayo.
Los resultados obtenidos en la presente Tesis Doctoral permiten concluir que se ha logrado el
objetivo principal de la investigación, obteniendo un método de ensayo en laboratorio válido para
evaluar el ruido de rodadura en ensayo de homologación de neumáticos.Tyre/road interaction is the main source of noise emission caused by road traffic when
cruising at speeds over 30 km/h and less than 120 km/h, from which aerodynamic noise begins to
predominate. Several methods such as the Coast-By, the Close-Proximity, the Statistical Pass-By or
the Controlled Pass-By have been used over recent decades to measure noise emission. However,
since Regulation (EC) No 1222/2009 on the labelling of tyres was published, only the method
described in UNECE Regulation 117 concerning the approval of tyres with regard to rolling sound
emissions, can be used in order to obtain tyre/road noise emission approved values.
All these conventional methods have several disadvantages and limitations such as the lack
of repeatibility, the influence of environmental factors or the different results that can be obtained
depending on the test track or the vehicle upon which the tests are carried out. The lack of a new
methodology that eliminates or reduces all the disadvantages listed before and by which tyre/road
noise measurement is done on a faster, more reliable and cheaper way, is obvious.
This Doctoral Thesis has developed a new test method for obtaining sound power level
emitted by a tyre in a Drum facility based on the international standard ISO 3744. This new approach
combines the expertise of the ISO method with the experimental procedure developed in the tyre
test facilities of the Vehicle Laboratory at Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche. The innovation is that none of the research groups that have tested the tyre rolling noise
using drums have done it by a specific engineering standardized method for determining the sound
power level. On the contrary, all previous tests have considered only sound pressure, which is a
magnitude that depends on factors such as the medium in which sound waves travel, the
attenuation or the distance from the sound source so by measuring the sound pressure is not
possible to quantify the sound power of the source unless each and every one of the above
mentioned factors are strictly controlled and defined, a fact not entirely true on the methodology
described in Regulation 117.
This new methodology for tests in Drum facilities includes the location of microphones,
obtaining correction factors for both background noise and acoustic environment and the
operational method for measuring sound pressure and obtaining the sound power emitted by the
tyre. The new method has been validated by comparison with the results of several track tests
carried out according to the Coast-By method described in Regulation 117 and using the sound
propagation model described in ISO 9613 standard, which allows to get the sound pressure level to
be measured at the test track from the sound power level obtained in drum facilities.
The results obtained in this Doctoral Thesis can conclude that the main goal of the research
has been achieved, obtaining a valid test method for measuring tyre-rolling sound emission for
approval of tyres