Respostas do cafeeiro à calagem

Field experiments were conducted in a stablished coffee plantation for 8 years (1975-82) on Brazilian Oxisols to investigate the effects of liming these soils (0.0,2.5, 5 and 10 tons/ha) on the soil chemical properties, production and mineral nutrition of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) trees. The soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable Ca and Mg increased, while exchangeable AI and K decreased whith increasing dolomitic lime rates. The lime effects were limited to the top soil only (0-30 cm). Liming significantly increased leaf Ca and Mg, reduced leaf Mn (eliminated the toxic effects), Zn and K, and had no effect on leaf N, P, and Cu in the leaves. The yields of coffee were increased by reducing the exchangeable Al and by adjusting the Ca-K, Ca-Mg, and Mg-K ratios to 13:1, 4:1 and 3:1, respectively. The best coffee yields were obtained with the lowest lime rate (2.5 tons/ha). Higher lime rates (5 and 10 tons/ha) resulted in decreased yields.Experimentos de campo foram conduzidos em dois dos principais solos da região cafeeira do Paraná (LRd e LEd), por um período de 8 anos (1975-82), com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos de doses crescentes de calcário dolomítico (0, 2,5, 5,0 e 10,0 t/ha) nas propriedades químicas do solo, produção e estado nutricional do cafeeiro (Coffea arábica L.). O pH do solo, capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC) e Ca e Mg trocáveis aumentaram, enquanto que o Al e K trocáveis diminuíram com o aumento das doses de calcário. Estes efeitos foram evidentes apenas na superfície do solo (0-30 cm). Os efeitos da calagem no estado nutricional do cafeeiro foram pronunciados, em virtude do aumento nas concentrações de Ca e Mg, redução nas de Mn (eliminou os efeitos tóxicos), Zn e K e inalteração nas de N, P e Cu nos tecidos foliares. A neutralização do Al tóxico e o ajustamento das relações entre Ca-K, Ca-Mg e Mg-K para 13:1, 4:1 e 3:1, respectivamente, aumentaram a produção do cafeeiro. As melhores produções de café foram associadas com a mais baixa dose de calcário (2,5 t/ha), sendo que as mais elevadas (5 e 10 t/ha) diminuíram sistematicamente a produção do cafeeiro

Reduction of subsurface acidity in soil column

Foi conduzido um experimento em colunas para avaliar as influências da acidez subsuperficial de um Latossolo Roxo distrófico (LRd) no desenvolvimento vegetativo e radicular de mudas de cafeeiros. Os tratamentos foram: CaCO3 - superfície, CaCO3 0 cm - 60 cm, CaCO3 0 cm - 30 cm, CaCO330 cm - 60 cm, MgCO3 30 cm - 60 cm, CaSO4 - superfície e testemunha. O baixo teor de Ca e alto de Al diminuiu o desenvolvimento do cafeeiro. A aplicação superficial da calagem não foi eficiente para reduzir a acidez subsuperficial. As aplicações de CaCO3 à 0-30, 0-60 e 30-60 e MgCO3aumentaram o pH, Ca e Mg e neutralizaram o Al trocável apenas nas camadas aplicadas. O gesso aumentou o movimento de Ca e reduziu o Al trocável em toda coluna. A calagem aumentou a mineralização do N e a lixiviação de ânions e diminuiu a dos metais pesados. O gesso aumentou a lixiviação de ânions e cátions básicos e diminuiu a dos metais pesados. A incorporação do CaCO3 aumentou a absorção de Ca e diminuiu as de P, K e Mn. O efeito dos tratamentos no desenvolvimento da parte aérea obedeceu a seguinte ordem: CaCO3 0 cm - 60 cm > CaCO3 0 cm - 30 cm > CaSO4 - superfície > CaCO3 - superfície > > CaCO3 30 cm - 60 cm = MgCO3 30 cm - 60 cm = testemunha. Com relação ao desenvolvimento radicular, a única alteração foi CaSO4 - superfície > CaCO3 0 cm - 30 cm, em virtude do maior crescimento das raízes em profundidade como consequência do aumento do Ca e a redução de Al trocáveis na subsuperfície do solo. A greenhouse experiment was conducted for a year with columns to evaluate the influence of subsurface acidity of a dystrophic Latosol Roxo (Oxisol), on the root and shoot growth of coffee. Experiment involved CaCO3 - surface, CaCO3 0 cm - 60 cm, CaCO3 0 cm - 30 cm, CaCO3 30 cm - 60 cm, MgCO3 30 cm - 60 cm, CaSO4 - surface and control. Low soil pH and high Al restricted root and shoot growth of coffee. Surface-applied lime was not efficient either reducing subsoil exchangeable Al or increasing Ca levels in the underlayers of soil. Liming at 0 cm - 30 cm, 0 cm - 60 cm and 30 cm - 60 cm deep, increased soil pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg and decreased exchangeable Al in the applied soil layer only. Gypsum increased the movement of Ca and reduced the exchangeable KCl-Al in the entire soil column. Liming increased N-mineralization and anions leaching and decreased heavy metals leaching. Gypsum increased anions and basic cations and decreased heavy metals leaching. Deep lime applications increased Ca uptake and decreased P, K and Mn uptake. The effects of treatments on shoot growth and leaf area were as following: CaCO3 - 0 cm - 60 cm > CaCO3 0 cm - 30 cm > CaSO4 - surface > CaCO3 - surface > CaCO330 cm - 60 cm = MgCO3 30 cm - 60 cm = control. Regarding root growth, the only difference was that CaSO4 - surface > > CaCO3 0 cm - 30 cm. It was found that gypsum improved deeper root growth as a consequence of the increased movement of Ca and reduction of exchangeable Al in the subsurface of soil.

Manejo da adubação para formação de lavouras cafeeiras

A field experiment was conducted for the period 1975 to 1981 for assessing fertilizer requirements for coffee establishment. Experimental treatments consisted of: (1) basic fertilization in the planting holes with two sources of N (organic manure and urea at the rate of 60 g of N/hole) in combination with three K rates (0, 30 and 60 g of K2O/hole) and three P rates (0, 40 and 80 g of P2O5/hole) and (2) three sidedress NPK rates applied annually during the first five years after planting data. After four harvestings no significant yield difference between N sources (organic and mineral) was observed. Yields decreased when P was not added in the hole fertilization before planting, regardless the annual sidedress fertilization treatment. K applied in the hole before planting had no influence on yield but it increased yield when broadcast annually after planting. Yield increased with each increase in applied sidedress NPK fertilizers. Maximum yield was obtained on plots which contained at least 1 meq of Ca/100 g, 0.20 meq of Mg/100 g, 0.30 meq of K/100 g and 10 mg of P/kg. Increases in leaf N from 3% to 3.9%, leaf K from 1.8% to 2.8% and leaf P from 0.10% to 0.18% by soil application of NPK fertilizers increased yields.Foi conduzido um experimento de campo, no período de 1975 a 1981, visando determinar a necessidade de adubação para formação de uma lavoura cafeeira. Os tratamentos consistiram de: (1) adubação de cova com duas fontes de N (orgânica e mineral, 60 g de N/cova) em combinações com três doses de P (0, 40 e 80 g de P2O5/cova) e K (0, 30 e 60 g de K2O/cova) e (2) adubação em cobertura com três doses de fertilizantes minerais contendo NPK aplicados durante os primeiros cinco anos de formação da lavoura. Após quatro colheitas consecutivas, não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos que receberam as duas fontes de N (orgânica e mineral) aplicadas na cova. A produção foi mais baixa na ausência de P na adubação da cova, independentemente de presença de P na adubação de cobertura. Aplicação de K na cova não influenciou a produção, mas este elemento foi necessário na adubação anual de cobertura. A produção aumentou em função das doses crescentes de NPK em cobertura. As produções máximas foram obtidas nas parcelas que continham teores superiores a 1 meq de Ca/100 g, 0,20 meq de Mg/100 g, 0,30 meq de K/100 g e 10 ppm de P. Aumentos nas concentrações de nutrientes das folhas de 3% a 3,9% de N, de 1,8% a 2,8% de K e de 0,10% a 0,18% de P foram associados com as máximas produções de café

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Chemical speciation of soil solution to assess calcium and aluminum uptake by coffe roots

Experimento em casa de vegetação foi conduzido com dois solos ácidos para estudar a absorção de Ca e Al pelas raízes do cafeeiro utilizando-se as fontes: CaCO3, CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, CaSO4 e MgCO3. A especiação química dos íons no solo foi realizada através de um programa de computador GEOCHEM. A concentração do cálcio total (Cat) solúvel no solo aumentou com a adição dos sais de cálcio. CaCO3 aumentou a concentração de Ca2+ e eliminou Al3+ no solo. CaCl2 e Ca(NO3)2 aumentaram Al3+ sem a formação de pares de íons com Cl- e NO3- diminuíram a concentração de Ca2+ em relação ao CaCO3, devido à formação dos pares de íons CaCl+ e CaNO3+. CaSO4 proporcionou a formação dos pares de íons AlSO4 e CaSO4o, diminuindo as formas livres Al3+ e Ca2+ na solução do solo. O peso da matéria seca das plantas aumentou proporcionalmente com a elevação de Ca2+ e diminuição de Al3+ na solução do solo. A absorção de Ca pelas raízes diminuiu com a redução da valência do íon: Ca2+ > CaNO3+ ≥ CaCl+ > CaSO4o.A greenhouse experiment was conducted with two acid soils to study Ca and Al uptake by coffee roots using the following salts: CaCO3, CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, CaSO4, and MgCO3. Saturation extracts of the soil samples were analyzed for all major cations and anions to have input data for chemically speciating Al and Ca in the soil solution phase using a computer program GEOCHEM. All Casalts increased the concentration of total Cat in solution. CaCO3 increased the concentration of Ca2+ and neutralized Al3+. CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 increased the concentration of Al3+ and decreased Ca2+ in relation to CaCO3. No significant ionic complexation of Cl- and NO3- with Al was computed, but some with Ca as CaCl+ and CaNO3+. Gypsum resulted in SO42- ion-pairing with Al and Ca to form AlSO4+, and CaSO4o, thereby decreasing Al3+ and Ca2+ in soil solution. Coffee dry matter increased with increasing Ca2+ and decreasing Al3+ in soil solution. The Ca uptake by roots decreased by lowering the valence of Ca in soil solution through complex formations: Ca2+ > CaNO3+≥ CaCl+ > CaSO4o