Emergence pattern and initial behavior of Anastrepha striata Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a tropical humid zone of Alajuela, Costa Rica

Nota TécnicaDurante el mes de mayo de 1996, se estudió la emergencia de adultos y su comportamiento hasta la primera actividad de vuelo. Se recolectaron frutos de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) de la colección de variedades de la Estación Experimental Fabio Baudrit M. para obtener suficientes pupas en el laboratorio. Un total de 10 cajas con pupas fueron llevadas al campo y colocadas bajo dos árboles próximos de guayaba para medir el porcentaje de emergencia; mientras que se colocaron tres cajas con un número indeterminado de pupas de 20 días de edad, bajo la superficie suelo para medir el comportamiento de la pos emergencia. Se obtuvo que el patrón de emergencia de los adultos ocurrió entre las 8 y 13 horas con un incremento hacia el mediodía (50% de las emergencias estuvieron entre 10 am y 12 m). Se observó que este comportamiento tuvo relación directa con la temperatura y la radiación solar; mientras que la relación fue inversa respecto a la humedad relativa. Después de la emergencia, los adultos tendieron a desplazarse hacia las malezas y el follaje de la guayaba, más próximo ubicándose en el en envés de las hojas, recorriendo una distancia promedio de 11,3 cm. Una vez ubicados los adultos en sus sitios de refugio, éstos tendieron a permanecer completamente inmóviles hasta unos 5-10 minutos antes de iniciar el vuelo.The emergence of Anastrepha striata Schiner adults and their behavior until their first flight activity was studied during May of 1996. Ripe guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits were picked at the variety collection orchard, in the Fabio Baudrit Experiment Station, to obtain enough pupae in the laboratory. A total of ten boxes with pupae were taken to the field and placed under two nearby guava trees, in order to measure the emergence percentage; while three boxes, with an undetermined number ol’20 days old pupae, were placed under the soil surface to measure the post-emergence behavior. The obtained emergence pattern occurred between the 8 and 13 hours, with an increase towards noon (50%. of the emergences were between 10 am and 12 noon. The observed behavior was directly related to the temperature and the solar radiation, while an inverse relation occurred with respect to the relative humidity. After the emergence, the adults tended to move toward the nearby weeds and guava foliage, settling on the underside of the leaves, traveling an average of 11.3 cm. Once seated in their refuge site, they tended to sojourn motionless up to 5-10 minutes before flying away.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno (EEAFBM

Location and pupation depth of Toxotrypana curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae) in papaya (Carica papaya L.) on a clay loamy soil

Nota TécnicaSe estudió la profundidad y ubicación de pupación de larvas de T. curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae) respecto a frutos caídos de papaya (Carica papaya L.). El número promedio de larvas por fruto fue de 16,2 (D.E.2 ±8,1). El 74,26% de las larvas puparon directamente bajo el área del fruto caído y de éstas, un 3,45% lo hicieron entre la cáscara del fruto y la superficie del suelo. Un 25,74% de las larvas puparon en áreas adyacentes al área del fruto caído. La profundidad de pupación varió de acuerdo al área escogida para pupar; así, el 52% de las larvas que puparon bajo el área del fruto caído lo hicieron entre cero y tres cm, mientras que, el 51% de las larvas que puparon fuera del área del fruto, entre tres y seis cm de profundidad. Se discuten las vantajas de la pupación directamente bajo el fruto caído y a poca profundidad.The depth and location of pupation of larvae of T. curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae) with respect to fallen fruits of papaya (Carica papaya L.) were studied. The average number of larvae per fruit was 16.2 (S.D.2± 8.1). The 74.26% of the larvae pupated directly under the area of the fallen fruit, and 3.45% of these did it between the fruit peel and the soil surface. A 25.74% of the larvae pupated on the adyacent area of the fallen fruits. The depth at which they pupated varied according to the chosen area; thus, 52% of the larvae that pupated under the fallen fruits did it between zero and three cm, while 51% of the larvae that pupated out of the fruit area, did it from three to six cm deep. The advantages of the pupation directly under the fruit and at a short depth are discussed.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno (EEAFBM

Dixella jironi Chaverri and Borkent 2007, n. sp.

Dixella jironi Chaverri and Borkent n. sp. (Figures 1F, 6F, 8B, 12B, 18B) Diagnosis. Male: only species of Dixidae in Central America with a wide pale medial band on the pleura extending from the anterior margin of the katepisternum to the posterior margin of the anepimeron and with the gonostylus apically tapered (Fig. 12B). Female: unknown. Description. Male. Head (Fig. 1F): brown, densely spiculate, with spicules more elongate than those in D. shannoni, D. hansoni, D. fernandezae. Clypeus yellowish, as wide as long. Antennal scape, pedicel, flagellomeres yellowish. Thorax: similar to D. shannoni (Fig. 2C, 4C). Scutum yellowish, with narrow lateral light brown band extending from anterior margin, widening near prescutal suture, continuing laterally to supraalar area, anterior to middle of scutum lateral band continues medially as faint yellow line, with row of setae to prescutellar area; acrostical, anterior dorsocentral, supraalar setae short, scattered. Scutellum, mediotergite brown. Pleura with 2 setae on posteroventral margin of posterior anepisternum. Wing (Fig. 6F; Table 1): with or without slight darkening over r-m; R2+3 originating either at or slightly distal to r-m; stem of R2+3 0.40 length of R3. Halter: pale, 0.40 length of fore femur. Legs: yellowish; claws as figured (Fig. 8B). Genitalia (Fig. 12B): tergite 9 with anterior, posterior margins curved, with setae more dense along posterior margin. Sternite 9 with posterior margin with moderately narrow excavation, with 3–4 posterolateral setae. Gonocoxite longer than wide; basal lobe quadrate; apical lobe cylindrical, tusk-like, slightly curved dorsally, tip rounded, 0.6 length of gonostylus, with elongate basal seta, midlength seta as long as half lobe length, two short subapical setae. Gonostylus slightly wider at base and apex, apex rounded, with short subapical seta. Parameres dark brown, narrow, sinuous, pointed, apices directed posteriorly. Aedeagus triangular. Tergite10 light brown, posterior margin slightly bilobed, with four short subapical setae. Female and immatures. Unknown. Distribution and bionomics. Dixella jironi is known only from the type locality in Costa Rica at 1700 m (Fig. 18B). Adults were swept from low vegetation near a small stream at the beginning of rainy season (May) in a habitat corresponding to Premontane Moist Forest. Taxonomic discussion. The male adult of this species shares the medial pale band on the thoracic pleura of D. shannoni and D. hansoni. The apical lobe of the gonocoxite of the male genitalia is similar in the three species but in D. jironi it is longer, relative to the gonostylus. Further differences are present in the shape of the parameres, gonostyli and the tenth sternites of these three species (see key, Figs. 11A, B, 12B). Types. Holotype, male adult on microscope slide, labeled " HOLOTYPE Dixella jironi Chaverri and Borkent ", " Costa Rica, San José, Escazú, Alto Tapezco, 1700 m, 31-V-1999, A. Borkent, LN 209100 518900" (CNCI). Paratypes: 3♂ on microscope slide (1♂, INBC; 2♂, CNCI). Derivation of specific epithet. This species is named for Luis Fernando Jiron, a former entomology professor at the Universidad de Costa Rica who has published extensively on fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and who was a student advisor to the first author.Published as part of Chaverri, Luis Guillermo & Borkent, Art, 2007, The Meniscus midges of Costa Rica (Diptera: Dixidae), pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 1575 (1) on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1575.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/509683

Dixella fernandezae Chaverri and Borkent 2007, n. sp.

Dixella fernandezae Chaverri and Borkent n. sp. (Figures 1E, 6E, 8A, 12A, 18B) Diagnosis. Male: only species of Dixidae in Central America with a short clypeus (Fig. 1E), uniformly dark pleura, R2+3 originating distal to r-m, and with the subapical gonocoxal lobe short and not extending beyond the apex of the gonocoxite (Fig. 12A). Female: unknown. Description. Male. Head (Fig. 1E): brown, densely spiculate. Clypeus yellowish, 1.2 wider than long. Antennal scape, pedicel brown, flagellomeres lost. Thorax: scutum not visible. Scutellum brown, mediotergite yellowish. Pleura with pronotum, propleuron brown; posteroapical region of katepisternum, basal anepimeron yellowish; 2 setae on posteroventral margin of posterior anepisternum. Wing (Fig. 6E; Table 1): with or without slight darkening over r-m; R2+3 originating distal to r-m; stem of R2+3 0.50 length of R3. Halter: pale, 0.40 length of fore femur. Legs: yellowish; claws as figured, hind claws not visible (Fig. 8A). Genitalia (Fig. 12A): tergite 9 with anterior, posterior margins nearly straight, with scattered setae. Sternite 9 with posterior margin with broad excavation, with three lateral setae. Gonocoxite wider than long; basal lobe not well defined; apical lobe cylindrical, tusk-like, slightly curved dorsally, tip acute, 0.50 length of gonostylus, with elongate basal seta, elongate midlength seta, two short subapical setae. Gonostylus slightly wider at base, tapering gradually to apex, apex acute, four elongate subapical setae. Parameres dark brown, narrow, directed dorsally, apices divergent. Aedeagus triangular. Tergite 10 light brown, with anterolateral extension posterior margin slightly bilobed, with three short subapical setae. Female and immatures. Unknown. Distribution and bionomics. This species is known only from the type locality in Costa Rica at 1540 m (Fig. 18B) and has been collected during the dry season (June). The holotype was swept from vegetation in an area of several small streams. The habitat corresponds to Tropical Lower Montane Rainforest. Taxonomic discussion. The apical lobe of the gonocoxite is similar to that of D. hansoni but the shapes of the parameres and aedeagus are distinctive (see key) (Figs. 11B, 12A). Types. Holotype, male adult on microscope slide, labeled " HOLOTYPE Dixella fernandezae Chaverri and Borkent ", " Costa Rica, Puntarenas, Monteverde, 2 Km E. de Santa Elena, Estación Biológica Monteverde, 1540 m, 12-VI-2000, A. Borkent, CD 5085, LN 255800 447900" (CNCI). Derivation of specific epithet. This species is named in recognition of the contribution of Xinia Fernández, a former technician working at INBio, who reared numerous nematocerous Diptera (and especially Culicidae) and prepared a large collection of microscope slides.Published as part of Chaverri, Luis Guillermo & Borkent, Art, 2007, The Meniscus midges of Costa Rica (Diptera: Dixidae), pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 1575 (1) on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1575.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/509683

Dixella hansoni Chaverri and Borkent 2007, n. sp.

Dixella hansoni Chaverri and Borkent n. sp. (Figures 1D, 2D, 4D, 6D, 7D, 11B, 18B) Diagnosis. Male: only species of Dixidae in Central America with a wide pale medial band on the pleura extending from the anterior margin of the katepisternum to the posterior margin of the anepimeron (Fig. 4D), with R2+3 originating distal to r-m (fig. 6D), and with the aedeagus bilobed anteriorly (Fig. 11B). Female: unknown. Description. Male. Head (Fig. 1D): brown, densely spiculate. Clypeus brown, as wide as long. Antennal scape, pedicel brown, flagellomeres yellowish. Thorax (Fig. 2D, 4D): scutum yellowish, broad anterolateral brown line narrowing posterolaterally; lateral band continues medially as faint yellow line anterior to middle of scutum to prescutellar area, with single row of elongate setae; acrostical, anterior dorsocentral, supraalar setae short, scattered. Scutellum brown, mediotergite yellowish. Pleura with pronotum yellowish, propleuron, katepisternum, posterior anepisternum, anepimeron, metanepisternum brown; medial yellow strip extending from katepisternum to anterior half of anepimeron; 2 setae on posteroventral margin of posterior anepisternum. Wing (Fig. 6D; Table 1): with or without slight darkening over r-m; R2+3 originating distal to r-m; stem of R2+3 0.55 length of R3. Halter: pale, 0.45 length of fore femur. Legs yellowish; claws as figured (Fig. 7D). Genitalia (Fig. 11B): tergite 9 with anterior, posterior margins nearly straight, with scattered setae, more sparse medially. Sternite 9 with posterior margin with broad excavation, with one submedial, two lateral setae. Gonocoxite as long as wide; basal lobe rounded, medial margin somewhat rounded; apical lobe cylindrical, tusk-like, slightly curved dorsally, tip acute, 0.50 length of gonostylus, with elongate basal seta, elongate midlength seta, two short subapical setae. Gonostylus slightly swollen at base, apex not swollen, subapical spine not present. Parameres dark brown, narrow, each curved in S shape, apices convergent. Aedeagus as figured. Tergite 10 light brown, anterolateral margin rounded, posterior margin somewhat bilobed, with 1–2 short subapical setae, subbasal lateral brown membrane. Female and immatures. Unknown. Distribution and bionomics. Dixella hansoni is known from a single male in Costa Rica (Fig. 18B), collected at 10 m elevation during the dry season (January). The specimen was swept from the margin of either Quebrada Bonita or a small tributary of this stream. The habitat corresponds to Tropical Moist Forest in the lowlands. Taxonomic discussion. This species is similar to D. shannoni but the medial strip of paler cuticle on the pleura extends posteriorly only to about the anterior half of the anepimeron, the tarsal claws differ in number of teeth, the tip of the apical lobe of the male genitalia is rounded in D. shannoni and acute in D. hansoni, the gonostylus in D. hansoni lacks apical setae, and tergite 10 differs in shape and number of setae in both species. A single female collected from the type locality but on 24-I-1994 (INBC) may represent the female of D. hansoni. However, we were unable to discern any difference between this female and those of D. shannoni and, with the information available, it may belong to either species. Types. Holotype, male adult on microscope slide, labeled " HOLOTYPE Dixella hansoni Chaverri and Borkent ", " Costa Rica, 2 Km NE Tárcoles, Carara NP, 1-I-1994, A. Borkent, CD 1726" (CNCI). Derivation of specific epithet. This species is named for Paul E. Hanson in recognition of his important and continuing research on the Hymenoptera and other insects of Costa Rica and for his invaluable teaching of entomology to the first author.Published as part of Chaverri, Luis Guillermo & Borkent, Art, 2007, The Meniscus midges of Costa Rica (Diptera: Dixidae), pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 1575 (1) on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1575.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/509683

Dixella suzukii Chaverri and Borkent 2007, n. sp.

Dixella suzukii Chaverri and Borkent n. sp. (Figures 1J, 3D, 5D, 6J, 9C, 14B, 17, 19B) Diagnosis. Male: only species of Dixidae in Central America with a short, conical gonostylus (Fig. 14B). Female: only species of Dixidae in Central America with a short lobe protruding from the lateral margin of abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 17). Description. Male. Head (Fig. 1J): brown, densely spiculate. Clypeus brown, as wide as long. Antennal scape, pedicel brown, flagellomeres yellowish. Thorax (Fig. 3D, 5D): scutum with wide dark brown medial vitta extending from anterior margin to middle of scutum, continuing as lighter, narrower brown band to supraalar area; lateral dark brown vitta broadly joined to medial vitta anteriorly near prescutal suture, extending to supraalar area, lateral margin notched above spiracular area. Scutellum, mediotergite dark brown. Pleura dark brown, somewhat patterned, except pronotum yellowish, katepisternum with yellow area on posterior margin. Wing (Fig. 6J; Table 1): with slight darkening over r-m; R2+3 originating at or distal to r-m; stem of R2+3 0.47 length of R3. Halter: pale, 0.30 length of fore femur. Legs: coxae, trochanters brown; femora yellowish with brown apices; tibiae, tarsi uniformly pale brown; claws as figured (Fig. 9C). Genitalia (Fig. 14B): tergite 9 with anterior margin somewhat concave, posterior margin straight, with numerous scattered setae. Sternite 9 with posterior margin with moderately broad excavation, with 5 elongate lateral setae. Gonocoxite as long as wide; basal lobe absent; apical lobe slightly longer than gonostylus, triangular apex with sharp ventral lobule and elongate dorsal lobule, stem with three elongate seta, one short subapical seta. Gonostylus densely spiculate, with elongate setae, broad basally, tapering gradually to apex. Parameres directed anteriorly, tips rounded, convergent. Aedeagus brown, elongate, narrow, directed posteriorly. Tergite 10 with narrow lateral band, posterolateral expansion, posteromedially with pair of protrusions. Female. As for male, with following differences: Wing (Table 2). Genitalia (Fig. 17): sternite 8 with posterior margin concave medially, medial bulge with dense patch of setae, slightly wider posteriorly, with more setae than previous sternites; tergite 9 dark brown, posterolateral margin rounded, anteroventral margin notched; sternite 9 narrow, with sublateral ventral bulge; segment 10 as long as cercus, with scattered setae, with small basal protuberance; cercus short, slightly wider at base, with elongate setae. Immatures: not described. Distribution and bionomics. This species is known from two localities in Costa Rica and two localities in Panama (Fig. 19B) at 660–1585 m. In Costa Rica the habitat in which specimens were collected corresponds to Premontane Very Wet Forest. Larvae from the type locality were collected from a seepage pool with muddy substrate in a grazing area during the dry season (April). The male from 3 km E of Cambronero, Costa Rica was reared from a larva collected from a "wide shallow seepage from roadside bank in grazing area; water semipermanent, clear, with slow current; choked with grasses; bottom with mud, much dead grass; full sun" (Heinemann and Belkin, 1977) during the rainy season (August). Adults from Panama were collected in light traps. Taxonomic discussion. We studied males and females reared from identical larvae and pupae from the type locality, indicating that they are conspecific. Heinemann and Belkin (1977) recorded this species as Dixella sp. 1 with the following specimens in the USNM labled as such: CR 352-23 and 352-25. There are additional specimens of five associated larval and pupal exuviae labeled as Dixella sp. 1 which may conspecific with D. suzukii (CR352-20-22, 24, 26) but these were not associated with any adults and therefore are of uncertain identity. Types. Holotype, male adult on microscope slide, labeled " HOLOTYPE Dixella suzukii Chaverri and Borkent ", " Costa Rica, Cartago, Orosí, P.N. Tapantí-Macizo de La Muerte, orilla del puente del río Grande de Orosí, 1200 m, 27-IV-2001, B.H. Hernández, En charco, LN 259000 558850, BHB 470.30, larva and pupal exuviae associated" (INBC). Allotype, female adult on microscope slide labeled as holotype but with code BHB 470.36, (INBC). Paratypes: 5♂, 8 ♀, on microscope slides labeled as above but with codes BHB 470.13, BHB 470.14, BHB 470.38, BHB 470.22 (larva and pupal exuviae associated), BHB 470.35, BHB 470.05 (larva and pupal exuviae associated), BHB 470.12, BHB 470.21, BHB 470.37, BHB 470.24, BHB 470.27 (pupal exuviae associated), BHB 470.34, BHB 470 (3♂, 4 ♀, INBC; 1♂, 2 ♀, CNCI; 1♂, 2 ♀, USNM); 1♂, 1 ♀ on microscope slide, each with larval and pupal exuviae on separate microscope slides: Costa Rica, Alajuela, 12.7 km W of San Ramon on Natl. Rt. 1, about 3km E of Cambronero, 770 m, 13-VIII-1971, S.J. Heinemann (USNM); 1♂ on microscope slide: Panama, Chiriqui, Chiriqui ViejoR. El Volcan 22-VII-1966, A. Broce, light trap (USNM); 1 ♀ on microscope slide: Panama, David, Chiriqui, 24-VII-1964, A. Broce, light trap (USNM). Derivation of specific epithet. We name this species suzukii to honour David T. Suzuki, a Canadian environmentalist who has devoted his life teaching the public about of the state of our earth and the importance of taking better care of our world.Published as part of Chaverri, Luis Guillermo & Borkent, Art, 2007, The Meniscus midges of Costa Rica (Diptera: Dixidae), pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 1575 (1) on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1575.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/509683

Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species composition in ovitraps from a Mesoamerican Tropical Montane Cloud Forest

Knowledge about mosquito species diversity at tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) in Mesoamerica is scarce. Here, we present data on mosquito species richness from samples biweekly collected, from January to December 2017, in ovitraps installed in a TMCF patch at Vázquez de Coronado County, Costa Rica. Ovitraps were placed at 2.25, 1.50 and 0.75 m at 16 sampling points. During the study period we measured relative humidity and air temperature at each sampling point, and water temperature, volume and pH in each ovitrap. We collected a total of 431 mosquito larvae belonging to five taxonomic units, one identified to the genus level and four to the species level. The most common mosquito species was Culex bihaicolus Dyar & Nuñez Tovar (Diptera: Culicidae), which accounted for nearly 80% (n = 344) of the collected mosquitoes. Culex nigripalpus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) was the only medically important species we found and it was collected both in the dry (January to March) and rainy season (April to December). Over 95% (n = 411) of the mosquitoes were collected during the rainy season and 60% (n = 257) at 0.75 m. Among the environmental variables that we measured, only water volume and pH were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the dry and rainy season, the former increasing and the later decreasing during the rainy season. These results suggest that rainfall plays a major role regulating the phenology of the sampled mosquito species and highlight the need to screen for pathogens in Cx. nigripalpus at the study area.El conocimiento sobre la diversidad de especies de mosquitos en los bosques nubosos montanos tropicales (BMN) de Mesoamérica es escaso. Aquí, presentamos datos sobre la riqueza de especies de mosquitos a partir de muestras recolectadas quincenalmente, de enero a diciembre 2017, en ovitrampas instaladas en un parche de TMCF en el condado de Vázquez de Coronado, Costa Rica. Las ovitrampas se colocaron a 2,25, 1,50 y 0,75 m en 16 puntos de muestreo. Durante el periodo de estudio se midió la humedad relativa y la temperatura del aire en cada punto de muestreo, y la temperatura, el volumen y el pH del agua en cada ovitrampas. Recogimos un total de 431 larvas de mosquito larvas de mosquito pertenecientes a cinco unidades taxonómicas, una identificada a nivel de género y cuatro a nivel de especie. La especie de mosquito más La especie de mosquito más común fue Culex bihaicolus Dyar & Nuñez Tovar (Diptera: Culicidae), que representó casi el 80% (n = 344) de los mosquitos recogidos. Culex nigripalpus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) fue la única especie de importancia médica y se recogió tanto en la estación seca (de enero a marzo) como en la lluviosa (de abril a diciembre). (abril a diciembre). Más del 95% (n = 411) de los mosquitos se recogieron durante la estación de lluvias y el 60% (n = 257) Entre las variables ambientales que medimos, sólo el volumen de agua y el pH fueron significativamente (P < 0,05) entre la estación seca y la lluviosa, aumentando el primero y disminuyendo el segundo durante la estación lluviosa. la primera y la segunda durante la estación lluviosa. Estos resultados sugieren que las precipitaciones desempeñan un papel importante en la regulación de la fenología de las especies de mosquitos muestreadas. y ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de buscar patógenos en Cx. nigripalpus en la zona de estudio.Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa RicaUniversidad Estadal a Distancia, Costa RicaUniversidad Nacional, Costa RicaInstituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud, Costa RicaEscuela de Medicina Veterinari

Plan de Integración Paisajístico Universitario. Instalaciones Deportivas, Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR)

La Sede Rodrigo Facio de la Universidad de Costa Rica, conforma uno de los pulmones urbanos de la capital, resguardando un gran número de especies del Bosque Húmedo Premontano (BHP) que han ido desapareciendo por el crecimiento urbano. El conjunto de las Instalaciones Deportivas (23.4 ha) y la Finca 4 (7.1 ha), integran actividades relacionadas con el deporte, la salud, la enseñanza y la conservación. Las nuevas edificaciones proyectadas para el conjunto deportivo podrían poner en riesgo la integridad de áreas naturales vulnerables. Para lograr un crecimiento comprometido y en equilibrio con el entorno natural, la rectoría de la UCR ha impulsado el Plan de Integración Paisajístico y Ambiental. Un extenso análisis que abordó componentes perceptuales, de movilidad, físicos y ambientales; más el desarrollo estratégico de talleres participativos que facilitaron conocer la postura de los actores involucrados, permitieron constituir la propuesta en cuatro sistemas estructurantes con impacto en diferentes escalas: Sistema Articulador, de Borde, de Protección y Ecología; y Sistema de Unidades Funcionales. Estas capas se complementan e interactúan mutuamente conformando una propuesta en forma de macro sistema que integra numerosos servicios ecosistémicos y emplea algunos principios del diseño biofílico.UCR::RectoríaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ingeniería::Facultad de Ingeniería::Escuela de Arquitectur

Mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) diversity from ovitraps in a Mesoamerican Tropical Rainforest

Mosquito sampling using efficient traps that can assess species diversity and/or presence of dominant vectors is important for understanding the entomological risk of mosquito-borne disease transmission. Here, we present results from a survey of mosquito species sampled with ovitraps in a neotropical rainforest of Costa Rica. We found the method to be an efficient sampling tool. With a total sampling effort of 29 traps, we collected 157 fourth- instar larvae and three pupae belonging to eight mosquito taxonomic units (seven species and individuals from a homogenous taxonomic unit identified to the genus level). In our samples, we found two medically important species, Sabethes chloropterus (Humboldt) and Trichoprosopon digitatum (Rondani). The former is a proven vector of Yellow Fever in sylvatic environments and the later has been found infected with several arboviruses. We also found that mosquito species abundance and diversity increased with canopy cover and in environments where leaf litter dominated the ground cover. Finally, our results suggest that ovitraps have a great potential for systematic sampling in longitudinal and cross-sectional ecological “semi-field” studies in neotropical settings.El muestreo de mosquitos mediante trampas eficaces que puedan evaluar la diversidad de especies y/o la presencia de vectores dominantes es importante para comprender el riesgo entomológico de la transmisión de enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos. Aquí presentamos resultados de un estudio de especies de mosquitos muestreados con ovitrampas en un bosque húmedo neotropical de Costa Rica. El método resultó ser una herramienta de muestreo eficiente. Con un esfuerzo total de muestreo de 29 trampas, recogimos 157 larvas de cuarto estadio y tres pupas, larvas de cuarto estadio y tres pupas pertenecientes a ocho unidades taxonómicas de mosquitos (siete especies e individuos de una unidad taxonómica homogénea identificada a nivel de género). En nuestras muestras, encontramos dos especies de importancia médica especies, Sabethes chloropterus (Humboldt) y Trichoprosopon digitatum (Rondani). La primera es un vector probado de la fiebre amarilla en ambientes selváticos y la segunda se ha encontrado infectada con varios arbovirus. También encontramos que la abundancia y la diversidad de las especies de mosquitos aumentan con la cobertura de las copas de los árboles y en entornos en los que la hojarasca domina la cobertura del suelo. Por último, nuestros resultados sugieren que las ovitrampas tienen un gran potencial para el muestreo sistemático en estudios ecológicos longitudinales y transversales de "semicampo" en entornos neotropicales.Universidad Nacional, Costa RicaEscuela de Medicina Veterinari