Correlation between parasite prevalence and adult size in a trematode-mollusc system: evidence for evolutionary gigantism in the freshwater snail Galba truncatula?

The snail-trematode host-parasite system has been widely studied, as trematodes are known to greatly influence the fitness of their hosts. Indeed, during their development, the trematodes castrate the snail and one possible consequence of infection is gigantism of the snail. Snail gigantism is usually investigated experimentally by comparing the size of healthy and artificially infected snails. Here, I focused on naturally infected populations in order to investigate if snails submitted to trematode pressure have evolved specific life-history traits to respond to the parasite prevalence in their natural population. To this end, I estimated the correlations between measures of size (obtained from healthy laboratory individuals originating from populations) and the parasite prevalence at the population level. I found that the adult size of populations was positively correlated with population prevalence, an indication that gigantism might be operating. Moreover, I found a positive relation between growth and fecundity in healthy populations, while no such trade off was found in highly parasitized populations, suggesting that there may be a cost in fecundity to this gigantis

Exploring the relationship between tychoparthenogenesis and inbreeding depression in the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria

Tychoparthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction in which a small proportion of unfertilized eggs can hatch spontaneously, could be an intermediate evolutionary link in the transition from sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction. The lower fitness of tychoparthenogenetic offspring could be due to either developmental constraints or to inbreeding depression in more homozygous individuals. We tested the hypothesis that in populations where inbreeding depression has been purged, tychoparthenogenesis may be less costly. To assess this hypothesis, we compared the impact of inbreeding and parthenogenetic treatments on eight life-history traits (five measuring inbreeding depression and three measuring inbreeding avoidance) in four laboratory populations of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, with contrasted demographic histories. Overall, we found no clear relationship between the population history (illustrated by the levels of genetic diversity or inbreeding) and inbreeding depression, or between inbreeding depression and parthenogenetic capacity. First, there was a general lack of inbreeding depression in every population, except in two populations for two traits. This pattern could not be explained by the purging of inbreeding load in the studied populations. Second, we observed large differences between populations in their capacity to reproduce through tychoparthenogenesis. Only the oldest laboratory population successfully produced parthenogenetic offspring. However, the level of inbreeding depression did not explain the differences in parthenogenetic success between all studied populations. Differences in development constraints may arise driven by random and selective processes between populations. (Résumé d'auteur

Size-assortative mating in simultaneous hermaphrodites: an experimental test and a meta-analysis

Assortative mating by size has been argued to be widespread in the animal kingdom. However, the strength of size-assortative mating is known to vary considerably between species and the underlying mechanisms promoting this inter-specific variation remain largely unexplored. Size-assortative mating has been proposed to be particularly strong in simultaneous hermaphrodites, i.e. organisms that produce male and female gametes at the same time. Here, we build on this hypothesis by arguing that size-assortative mating mediated by sexual selection is generally stronger in reciprocally mating hermaphrodites compared with unilaterally mating species and separate-sexed organisms. We report a series of empirical tests suggesting that size-assortative mating in the unilaterally copulating freshwater snail Physa acuta is caused by spatial clustering of similar-sized individuals and not by mate choice. In addition, we present a meta-analysis testing, for the first time, the hypothesis that sexual selection-mediated size-assortative mating is stronger in reciprocally copulating simultaneous hermaphrodites. Overall, we found significant size-assortative mating across 18 tested species and substantial inter-specific variation. Importantly, part of this variation can be explained by mating type, providing support for the hypothesis that size-assortative mating is stronger in reciprocally mating hermaphrodites compared with unilaterally mating species. We highlight potential pitfalls when testing for sexual selection-mediated size-assortative mating and discuss the need for more experimental and comparative approaches in order to resolve the observed variation in the strength of size-assortative mating among species.Fil: Graham, Stuart. Université de Montpellier. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Francia. Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Chapuis, Elodie. Université de Montpellier. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement,. Intéractions Plantes-Microrganismes-Environement; Francia. Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier; FranciaFil: Meconcelli, Stefania. Université de Montpellier. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Università di Torino; ItaliaFil: Bonel, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados I; Argentina. Université de Montpellier. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Francia. Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier; FranciaFil: Sartori, Kevin. Université de Montpellier. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier; FranciaFil: Christophe, Ananda. Université de Montpellier. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier; FranciaFil: Alda, Maria del Pilar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Patrice David. Université de Montpellier. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier; FranciaFil: Janicke, Tim. Université de Montpellier. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier; Franci

Environmental effects on the genetic architecture of fitness components in a simultaneous hermaphrodite

Understanding how environmental change affects genetic variances and covariances of reproductive traits is key to formulate firm predictions on evolutionary responses. This is particularly true for sex-specific variance in reproductive success, which has been argued to affect how populations can adapt to environmental change. Our current knowledge on the impact of environmental stress on sex-specific genetic architecture of fitness components is still limited and restricted to separate-sexed organisms. However, hermaphroditism is widespread across animals and may entail interesting peculiarities with respect to genetic constraints imposed on the evolution of male and female reproduction. We explored how food restriction affects the genetic variance-covariance (G) matrix of body size and reproductive success of the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta. Our results provide strong evidence that the imposed environmental stress elevated the opportunity for selection in both sex functions. However, the G matrix remained largely stable across the tested food treatments. Importantly, our results provide no support for cross-sex genetic correlations suggesting no strong evolutionary coupling of male and female reproductive traits. We discuss potential implications for the adaptation to changing environments and highlight the need for more quantitative genetic studies on male and female fitness components in simultaneous hermaphrodites.Fil: Janicke, Tim. Technische Universität Dresden; Alemania. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Chapuis, Elodie. Université de Montpellier; FranciaFil: Meconcelli, Stefania. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Università di Torino; ItaliaFil: Bonel, Nicolás. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; ArgentinaFil: Delahaie, Boris. University of Cambridge; Estados UnidosFil: David, Patrice. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Franci

Size-assortative mating in simultaneous hermaphrodites: an experimental test and a meta-analysis

Assortative mating by size has been argued to be widespread in the animal kingdom. However, the strength of size-assortative mating is known to vary considerably between species and the underlying mechanisms promoting this inter-specific variation remain largely unexplored. Size-assortative mating has been proposed to be particularly strong in simultaneous hermaphrodites, i.e. organisms that produce male and female gametes at the same time. Here, we build on this hypothesis by arguing that size-assortative mating mediated by sexual selection is generally stronger in reciprocally mating hermaphrodites compared with unilaterally mating species and separate-sexed organisms. We report a series of empirical tests suggesting that size-assortative mating in the unilaterally copulating freshwater snail Physa acuta is caused by spatial clustering of similar-sized individuals and not by mate choice. In addition, we present a meta-analysis testing, for the first time, the hypothesis that sexual selection-mediated size-assortative mating is stronger in reciprocally copulating simultaneous hermaphrodites. Overall, we found significant size-assortative mating across 18 tested species and substantial inter-specific variation. Importantly, part of this variation can be explained by mating type, providing support for the hypothesis that size-assortative mating is stronger in reciprocally mating hermaphrodites compared with unilaterally mating species. We highlight potential pitfalls when testing for sexual selection-mediated size-assortative mating and discuss the need for more experimental and comparative approaches in order to resolve the observed variation in the strength of size-assortative mating among species.Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectore

Améliorer la biodisponibilité du phosphore : comment valoriser les compétences des plantes et les mécanismes biologiques du sol ?

Les ions orthophosphates (Pi) représentent les seules formes de phosphore (P) utilisable par les cultures. Dans les sols, ils sont généralement présents à de faibles concentrations dans la solution, en raison des nombreux processus géochimiques contraignant leur mobilité et disponibilité. Les plantes et les micro - organismes associés, au travers de relations rhizosphériques, symbiotiques et par la prédation des populations microbiennes, modifient considérablement la quantité de P que la plante est capable d'acquérir tout au long de sa croissance (biodisponibilité). Cette revue décrit les différents processus (modifications des racines, rôle du pH, des anions organiques, des enzymes, de la microfaune et de la macrofaune) qui peuvent modifier la biodisponibilité du P dans la rhizosphère. Des pistes pour mieux valoriser le potentiel intrinsèque des végétaux et de l'écologie des organismes du sol et optimiser l'acquisition de P des cultures à partir du sol sont proposées. (Résumé d'auteur

Predicted efficacy and tolerance of different dosage regimens of benzylpenicillin in horses based on a pharmacokinetic study with three IM formulations and one IV formulation

IntroductionBenzylpenicillin (BP) is a first-line antibiotic in horses but there are discrepancies between manufacturers and literature recommendations regarding dosing regimen. Objectives of this study were to evaluate pharmacokinetics and local tolerance of four different formulations of BP in adult horses, and to suggest optimized dosing regimen according to the formulation.MethodsA cross-over design was used in 3 phases for the intramuscular injection of three different products: procaine BP alone, procaine BP/ benzathine BP combination or penethamate hydriodide were administered IM in the gluteal muscles of 6 horses for 3 days. Single IV administration of sodium BP was performed to the same horses with a dose of 22,000 IU BP/kg bwt 39 weeks after last IM injection. BP plasma concentrations were determined by UPLC assay coupled with mass spectrometry and a PK/PD analysis was conducted to predict the efficacy of various dosing regimens by estimating values of the fT>MIC index for different minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Tolerance at the site of IM injection was monitored by creatine kinase activity quantified with a validated chemistry system and clinical scorings.Results and discussionExcept one neurological reaction following one administration of penethamate hydriodide, the tolerance was good. Procaine BP alone, procaine BP/benzathine BP combination or penethamate hydriodide intramuscular administrations at a dosage of 22,000 IU BP/kg bwt q24h for 5 days would yield plasma concentrations that should be effective against bacteria with MIC of ≤0.256, 0.125 or 0.064 mg/L respectively. Of all the tested treatments, the use of a sodium BP by IV Constant Rate Infusion (CRI) for 10 hours a day was deemed to be the most efficient. All the formulations tested in this study are adequate to treat infections with susceptible Streptococcus equi