Religion-based ‘Personal’ Law, Legal Pluralism and Secularity: A Field View of Adjudication of Muslim Personal Law in India

In this paper, we show how this plural legal landscape is negotiated by litigants, especially women, and thereby illustrate the procedural interplay between civil and religious courts through this adjudication process. The ethnography of adjudication at the Darul-Qaza situated in a large Muslim neighbourhood in Kanpur and the institution’s intersections with the societal (We mean the tribunals that function at the neighbourhood or community level) secular courts show how Muslim personal law functions. In this paper, we identify both the links between the Darul-Qaza and civil courts, and the processes of evidence making and legal reasoning that are integral to this interlegality. We argue that the issue of personal law should be understood within the post-colonial legal structure of India and with a good understanding of the processes through which disputes in the delicate area of family, affect and kinship are addressed and resolved. The above case shows how resolution occurs in a family dispute when plural institutional mechanisms are at work. This paper explores the adjudication process at a Darul-Qaza to understand how religion-based family laws get constituted as litigants seek both religious counsel and civil authority

Solution of Fractional Order Differential Equation Problems by Triangular Functions for Biomedical Applications

Abstract—Fractional Order Differential equations are used for modelling of a wide variety of biological systems but the solution process of such equations are quite complex. In this paper Orthogonal Triangular functions and their operational matrices have been used for finding an approximate solution of Fractional Order Differential Equations. This technique has been found to be more powerful in solving Fractional Order Differential Equations owing to the fact that the differential equations are reduced to systems of algebraic equations which are easy to solve numerically and the percentage error is lower compared to other methods of solutions (like: Laplace Transform Method). Also due to the recursive nature of this method, it can also be concluded that this method is less complex and more efficient in solving varieties of the Fractional Order Differential Equations

Minimal cost multifactor experiments for agricultural research involving hard-to-change factors

Multifactor experiments are very common in agricultural research. Randomizing run orders in multifactor experiments often witness in large number of factorwise level changes which will increase the cost and time of the experiments. Minimal cost multifactor experiments are such experiments where the cost of the experiment is minimum which can be achieved by choosing a factorial run order where the total number of factor level change is minimum as cost of the experiment is directly proportional to the number of level changes of factors. Here, a method of constructing minimal cost 2-level multifactor experiments with minimum number of factorwise level changes has been proposed. As for a same factorial combination, there may exist more than one minimally changed factorial run order, an exhaustive search was also performed to obtain all possible minimally changed run order for two level multifactorial experiments with three factors. Due to restricted randomization, adaption of these run orders may witness the effect of systematic time trend. Hence, the usual method of analysis may not be a feasible solution due to lack of randomization. Here, the analytical procedure of experiments using minimal cost multifactorial run order has also been highlighted based on a real experimental data. The work has been carried out at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi during 2019-20. The data from the real experiment used for explaining the analysis procedure has been collected from Climate Change Facility of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute farm, New Delhi, India based on experiments conducted during 2014-15

Religion-based ‘Personal’ Law, Legal Pluralism and Secularity: A Field View of Adjudication of Muslim Personal Law in India

In this paper, we show how this plural legal landscape is negotiated by litigants, especially women, and thereby illustrate the procedural interplay between civil and religious courts through this adjudication process. The ethnography of adjudication at the Darul-Qaza situated in a large Muslim neighbourhood in Kanpur and the institution’s intersections with the societal (We mean the tribunals that function at the neighbourhood or community level) secular courts show how Muslim personal law functions. In this paper, we identify both the links between the Darul-Qaza and civil courts, and the processes of evidence making and legal reasoning that are integral to this interlegality. We argue that the issue of personal law should be understood within the post-colonial legal structure of India and with a good understanding of the processes through which disputes in the delicate area of family, affect and kinship are addressed and resolved. The above case shows how resolution occurs in a family dispute when plural institutional mechanisms are at work. This paper explores the adjudication process at a Darul-Qaza to understand how religion-based family laws get constituted as litigants seek both religious counsel and civil authority

Religion-based ‘Personal’ Law, Legal Pluralism and Secularity: A Field View of Adjudication of Muslim Personal Law in India

In this paper, we show how this plural legal landscape is negotiated by litigants, especially women, and thereby illustrate the procedural interplay between civil and religious courts through this adjudication process. The ethnography of adjudication at the Darul-Qaza situated in a large Muslim neighbourhood in Kanpur and the institution’s intersections with the societal (We mean the tribunals that function at the neighbourhood or community level) secular courts show how Muslim personal law functions. In this paper, we identify both the links between the Darul-Qaza and civil courts, and the processes of evidence making and legal reasoning that are integral to this interlegality. We argue that the issue of personal law should be understood within the post-colonial legal structure of India and with a good understanding of the processes through which disputes in the delicate area of family, affect and kinship are addressed and resolved. The above case shows how resolution occurs in a family dispute when plural institutional mechanisms are at work. This paper explores the adjudication process at a Darul-Qaza to understand how religion-based family laws get constituted as litigants seek both religious counsel and civil authority

Antenatal and maternal health care utilization: evidence from northeastern states of India

This article examines the role played by the various socio-economic and community level factors in determining the antenatal and maternal health care utilization pattern using the data from the National Family Health Survey carried out in India in 1998/99. Our analysis document that autonomy enjoyed by women and exposure to media has a significant impact on maternal heath care utilization even after controlling for other attributes, particularly their education and household economic status. Availability of a rural health facility in the village and other community level programme propagates the utilization of health care.

Metal nanoparticles as better protein-aggregation prevention agents than chaperones

Prevention or suppression of protein aggregation is of great importance in the context of protein storage, transportation and delivery. Traditionally chaperones or other chemically active agents are used to stop or diffuse native protein aggregation. We have used gold nanoparticles to prevent thermal aggregation of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a protein that maintains the alcohol level in the liver and stomach. A light-scattering assay has been used to investigate the effect of gold nanoparticles on thermal aggregation of ADH and the result of our study has been summarized in Fig. 1. The scattered light intensity from the solution containing ADH decreases when 45 nm gold nanoparticles are added prior to heating (thermal denaturation) the solution, which indicates prevention of aggregation. The aggregation of the protein is suppressed to the extent of 96% with picomolar concentration of 45 nm gold nanoparticles while micromolar amounts of other proteins and biological substances are necessary to achieve the same effect. The extent varies with the size and the concentration of the gold NPs for the same protein concentration

Enzyme Adsorption on Nanoparticle Surface Probed by Highly Sensitive Second Harmonic Light Scattering

Recent developments in second harmonic light scattering technique and the associated theoretical models have provided a deeper insight of molecular interactions on micro- and nanoparticle surfaces. This technique is extended to probe the thermodynamics of protein adsorption on nanoparticle surface which is crucial for understanding the fate of nanoparticle-based formulations in biomedical applications. A modified Langmuir adsorption model has been applied to extract the thermodynamic parameters from the experimental data. The general applicability of the technique is established by extracting free energy change, association constant, and binding stoichiometry of adsorption of a moderate size protein, alcohol dehydrogenase, and a small size protein, insulin, on gold nanoparticles. The free energy change for the adsorption is found to be of the order of -55 kJ/mol, which indicates that the interaction of proteins with the nanoparticle surface involves weak forces. On the other hand, the low value of the free energy change makes the detachment of the protein from the particle surface easier and guarantees reversibility of the binding process. In addition, one gets the binding stoichiometry of the proteins with the nanoparticle surface which opens up the possibility of controlling the payload of the protein- or peptide-based therapeutics in future biomedical applications