Türkiye’nin Artvin ve Giresun bölgelerindeki Kantaron (Hypericum montbretii ve Hypericum bupleuroides) ve Karaçalı (Paliurus spina-christi Mill) bitkilerinin antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktivitelerinin karşılaştırılması

Antioxidant activity 13 different samples of medicinal and aromatic plants of Centaury (Hypericum montbretii), Centaury (Hypericum bupleuroides), Blackthorn (Paliurus spina-christi Mill), including leaf, flower and stem, was investigated using DPPH, FRAP and CUPRAC methods. Total flavonoid, total phenolic amount and the antibacterial features of extracts from these herbs were also determined. According to the obtained of antioxidant datas, except for the result of total polyphenol assay, the dried leaves of Centuary (Hypericum montbretii) had the best antioxidant property that was realized in all results. Accordingly test of total polyphenol, the content of yellow flower of Centuary (Hypericum montbretii) herb was measured as of 22.48±0.66 mg GAE /g dry herb sample and so this herb had the highest total phenolic content. Antimicrobial activity tests were carried out using disc diffusion methods with 12 microbial species and the most of them displayed good-moderate antimicrobial and antifungal activity.Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerden olan Kantaron (Hypericum montbretii ve Hypericum bupleuroides) ve karaçalı (Paliurus spina-christi Mill) bitkilerinin yaprak, çiçek ve kök gibi kısımlarından oluşan 13 farklı örneğin antioksidan aktivitesi DPPH, FRAP ve CUPRAC yöntemleri kulanılarak incelenmiştir. Aynı zamanda bitki ekstraktların toplam fenolik ve toplam flavonoid miktarları da ölçülmüş ve antimikrobiyal özellikleri de belirlenmiştir. Antioksidan aktivite sonuçlarına göre tüm analizler içinde (toplam polifenol miktar analizi hariç) en iyi aktivite Kantaron (Hypericum montbretii) bitkisinin kuru yaprağında olduğu bulunmuştur. Toplam polifenol analizine göre ise en yüksek aktivitenin 22.485±0.656 mg GAE /g değeri ile Kantaron’un (Hypericum montbretii) çiçek kısmına ait olduğu görülmüştür. Antimikrobiyal analizler ise disk düfüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak yapılmış ve bitki ekstraktlarının 12 tane test mikrorganizması üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre bitkilerden çoğunun bakterilere ve mantar suşlarına karşı iyi derecede aktivite gösterdiği gözlenmiştir

Analysis of Capsaicinoids in Chilli Sauce with Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatography

Objective:In current study, quantification of the capsaicinoids in chilli sauces based on a sensitive ultra fast liquid chromatography method and derivatization with dansyl chloride (DNS-Cl) was described. Capsaicinoids are biosynthesized as secondary metabolites by chilli sauces. The major components of capsaicinoids are capsaicin (CPS) and dihydrocapsaicin (DCPS).Methods:Phenol groups within the CPS and DCPS are suitable for derivatization reaction using DNS-Cl (chemically named as 5-(dimethylamino) naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride) at pH 10 with 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate which leads formation of a derivative highly fluorescent properties that can be measured at 520 nm following excitation at 360 nm wavelength. Separation of the compounds was conducted on a chromatographic system having a mobile phase formed by a combination of acetic acid (0.5 M, pH 7.0 with NaOH) solution and acetonitrile under solvent programming on a consistent flow rate of 0.4 mL. min-1 using a C18 column.Results:Method validation was evaluated as per the regulations described in International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines. The calibration graph for CPS and DCPS was linear between 0.2 and 200 µg mL-1.Conclusion:The proposed analytical procedure represents a simple, time and cost effective method with a suitable selectivity regarding quantification of capsaicinoids in chilli sauces

Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extrackts in different solvents

Bu çalışmada Giresun ilinde yetişen yaban mersininin (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) meyve ve yaprağı, hem yaş hem de kurutulmuş halinin dört farklı çözücüdeki ekstraktları (etanol, aseton, su ve dietil eter) ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Bitkisel ürünlerin antioksidan kapasitelerini değerlendirmek için çeşitli yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntemler, FRAP (Fe3+ İndirgeme Antioksidan Gücü), DPPH? giderme ve toplam polifenol tayinini içermektedir. FRAP tayini yönünden, ekstraktların indirgeme güçlerinin aseton > etanol > su > dietil eter şeklinde sıralandığı görülmüştür. Serbest radikal giderme aktivitesi antioksidan sonuçlarına göre, kurutulmuş halde alınan örneklerin ekstraktları, yaş haline göre daha iyi düzeyde DPPH radikali giderme aktivitesi sergilemiştir ve en yüksek aktiviteyi çözücüsü etanol olan kuru yaprak ekstraktının gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Toplam fenolik madde miktarı tayinine göre ise, ekstraktlarda var olan fenolik madde içeriklerinin gallik asit eşdeğeri cinsinden 0.121±0.00-19.484±1.85 mg/g aralığında değiştiği ve en yüksek aktiviteyi yaban mersininin çözücüsü su olan kuru yaprak ekstraktının gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda bitki ekstrelerindeki antimikrobiyal aktivite, Agar disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Yaban mersini bitkisi ile hazırlanan ekstraktlar arasında, çözücüsü etanol ve aseton olan ekstrakların test mikroorganizmalarının çoğuna karşı iyi derecede aktivite gösterdiği bulunmuştur.In this study, both fresh and dried fruit, leaves extracts of bilberies (V. myrtillus L.) growed in Giresun have been investigated in four different solvents (ethanol, acetone, water and diethyl ether). Several methods have been utilized to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of plant materials. These methods include FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), DPPH? (free radical) and analysis of total polyphenol. The reducing powers of extract have been acetone > ethanol > water > diethyl ether respectively. According to free radical scavenging activity results, the extracts obtained dried samples have had better DPPH radical scavenging results than fresh ones and the dried leaves extracts in ethanol have showed the highest activity. According to analysis of total phenol, the phenolic contents in extracts have been determined as gallic acid equivalent ranging from 0.121±0.00 to 19.484±1.85 mg/g and the dried bilberry leaves extracts in water have showed the highest activity. In addition, antimicrobial activities of plant extracts have been determined by the agar disk diffusion method. The extracts with ethanol and acetone among all bilberry extract have been showed a good degree of activity against most of tested microorganisms

Determination of antioxidant activity of rowanberry (Sorbus domestica L.) extracts.

Üvez (Sorbus domestica L.) meyvelerinin ve çiçeğinin antioksidan aktivitesi su ve aseton çözücüleri kullanılarak elde edilen ekstraktlarla incelendi. Ekstraktların toplam fenolik bileşik tayini, toplam flavonoid içeriğinin belirlenmesi, demir (II) iyonlarını şelatlama aktivitesi, DPPH• radikali giderme aktivitesi, H2O2 giderme aktivitesi, toplam ferrik iyonlarını (Fe3+) indirgeme kapasitesi, süperoksit anyon radikali giderme aktivitesi, ABTS•+ radikali giderme aktivitesi, fosfomolibden metodu ile toplam antioksidan miktarı, antosiyanin içeriği, klorofil içeriği, linoleik asit sisteminde ferrik tiyosiyanat (FTC) metodu ile toplam antioksidan aktivitesi, hidroksil radikali giderme aktivitesi, LC-MS/MS ile fenolik madde analizi ve bakır iyonlarını indirgeme potansiyeli (CUPRAC metodu) tayin edildi. En yüksek ekstrakt verimini su ekstraktı (327,36 mg/g) gösterdi. En yüksek toplam fenolik bileşik ve toplam flavonoid miktarlarının su ekstraktında olduğu saptandı. Metal şelatlama aktivitesi tayininde, standartlara en yakın aktivite gösteren ekstrakt, meyvenin su ekstraktıdır. DPPH• radikali giderme aktivitesi tayininde, ekstraktlar arasında en iyi aktiviteyi meyvenin su ekstraktı göstermiştir. H2O2 giderme aktivitesi tayininde, meyvenin aseton (%34.37±0,72) ekstraktı standartlardan daha yüksek aktivite göstermiştir. İndirgeme kapasitesi tayininde, ekstraktların standartlara göre daha düşük aktiviteye sahip olduğu gözlendi. Süperoksit radikali giderme aktivisinde, çiçeğin aseton ekstraktı diğer ekstraktlara göre daha yüksek ordanda radikal giderme aktivitesi gösterdi. ABTS•+ radikali giderme aktivitesi tayininde, meyvenin aseton (%39.91±0,85) ekstraktı standartlardan daha yüksek aktivite göstermiştir. Fosfomolibden metodu ile toplam antioksidan aktivite tayininde meyvenin su ekstraktının en yüksek aktiviteye sahip olduğu belirlendi. Antosiyanin tayininde, en yüksek antosiyanin miktarı meyvenin su (19,22 mg KE/g) ekstraktında gözlendi. Klorofil tayininde, toplam klorofil miktarı (15,639 mg/kg) yaş ağırlık olarak bulundu. FTC metoduyla toplam antioksidan kapasitesi tayininde, çiçeğin aseton (%84.97±0,95) ekstraktının en yüksek aktiviteye sahip olduğu belirlendi. Hidroksil radikali giderme aktivitesi tayininde, meyvenin su ekstraktı en yüksek radikal giderme aktivitesi göstermiştir. LC-MS/MS ile fenolik madde analizinde, en yüksek fenolik madde konsantrasyonu protokatekuik asitte (3110,1348 µg/kg) gözlendi. Bakır iyonlarını indirgeme potansiyeli (CUPRAC metodu) tayininde, en yüksek indirgeme potansiyelini meyvenin su ekstraktı göstermiştir. Üvez (Sorbus domestica L.) meyvelerinden ve çiçeğinden elde edilen tüm ekstraktların antioksidan aktivite gösterdiği ve üvez meyvesinin doğal bir antioksidan kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varıldı.Abstract ; The antioxidant activity of (Sorbus domestica L.) fruit and flower was examined by using extracts of water and acetone solvents. The extracts were analyzed for total phenolic compound content, total flavonoid content determination, chelating activity of iron (II) ions, DPPH• radical scavenging activity, H2O2 scavenging activity, total ferric ions (Fe3+) reduction capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, ABTS•+ radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity by the phosphomolybdenum method, anthocyanin content, chlorophyll content, ferric thiocyanate method in linoleic acid sytem, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, phenolic substance analysis by LC-MS/MS and reduction potential of copper ions (CUPRAC method) were determined. The highest extract yield was water extract (327,36 mg/g). The highest total phenolic compound and total flavonoid contents were found in the water extract. In the determination of metal chelating activity, the extract which is the closest to the standard is the water extract of the fruit. In determining DPPH• radical scavenging activity, water extract showed the best activity among the extracts. In the determination of H2O2 removal activity, the fruit aceton (%34.37±0,72) extract had higher activity than the standard. In the determination of the reduction capacity, the extracts were observed to have lower activity than the standards. In superoxide radical scavenging activity, acetone extract of the flower showed higher radical scavenging activity than the other extracts. In the determination of ABTS•+ radical scavenging activity, fruit acetone (%39.91±0,85) extract had higher activity than the standard. The total antioxidant activity was determined by the phosphomolybdenum method and the fruit water extract had the highest activity. In the determination of anthocyanin, the highest amount of anthocyanin was observed in fruit water (19.22 mg KE/g) extract. In chlorophyll determination, the total amount of chlorophyll (15.639 mg/kg) was found to be wet weight. Determination of the total antioxidant capacity by the FTC method revealed that the extract of the flower acetone (%84.97±0,95) had the highest activity. In determining the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, the fruit water extract showed the highest radical scavenging activity. In the analysis of phenolic material by LC-MS/MS, the highest phenolic substance concentration was observed in protocatechuic acid (3110,1348 µg/kg). In the determination of the reduction potential of copper ions (CUPRAC method), the furit water extract showed the greatest reduction potential. All the extracts obtained from fruits and flowers rowanberry (Sorbus domestica L.) showed antioxidant activity and the fruits could be used as a natural antioxidant source

The Relationship between Development Level and Supply and Demand of Main Agricultural Products

The recent trends in primary food prices have been evaluated as a signifier of the potential threats to the world in terms of food shortages and hunger. The prices of primary agricultural products like wheat and rice have risen significantly in the essential producer countries. The recent price changes were partially attributed to production shortages, which, if true, are expected to constitute a critical problem for both the suppliers and demanders. The rising prices, in accor­dance with the food shortages, are expected to influence the developing countries and the poverty lines that are mostly determined by the food intake. Accordingly, a relationship between poverty and real food prices is suspected mainly for developing and the least-developed countries. With this in mind, this study investigates the relationship between development level, including the indication of income distribution, and the producer prices of rice and wheat. We ana­lyze the degree of relationship between the Gini coefficient, indicating the level of income distribution, and various production indicators such as producer prices and yields of rice and wheat. Analysis of the data reveals that it is not possible to infer a significant relationship between yield of rice or wheat and the level of national income distribution. When the rich and poor countries are discriminated according to the level of income distribution, it is understood that rising producer prices reduce the income inequality by less than one percent. We conclude that the relationship should be reviewed with respect to contemporary changes in prices and level of income distribution and aggregates of income distribution in order to make proper inferences

The economic effects of epidemics: from SARS and MERS to COVID-19

Around the end of 2019 through to 2020, the world had to encounter an outbreak of the novel COVID-19, a globally devastating virus, leading to mass losses and socio-economic panic. The impacts of previous SARS-COV and MERS-COV on macro-economic conditions, income level and labour market composition of 26 selected countries were evaluated within this paper in order to make economic inferences for COVID-19. The evaluation signed that the more fatal SARS-COV had depreciating effects on all economies in the sample, while MERS-COV had affected a more limited number of countries. Yet, the past epidemics mostly affected the labour market and services sector, as emphasized by the literature on economics of epidemics. It can be foreseen that, the services sector will be affected negatively with supply and labour demand aspects even after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, changing consumption attitudes and the rising tendency for online shopping may lead a closer correlation between agriculture and services sectors in terms of delivery services. It might be possible to understand such impacts as more micro-data can be analysed in the future

Metallic nanoparticles as X-Ray computed tomography (CT) contrast agents: A review

X-ray computed tomography vastly used in both medical purposes and in the research of biological and non-biological materials/samples. Some of the medical applications performed in the clinics requires special protocols where contrast agents may be needed to enhance the contrast. Iodine based contrast agents are commonly used in such applications. Iodine based contrast agents were found hazardous to the environment and some patients has iodine in tolerance due to thyroid origin diseases. Scientists from different fields try to develop contrast agents which can be an alternative to iodine based contrast agents. Metallic nanoparticles have potential to be used as CT contrast agent since metals has high X-ray attenuation and high density. Metal nanoparticles considered as toxic to the living organisms. Covering nanoparticles with organic molecule often reduce toxicity and enhance the biocompatibility. Decoration of nanoparticles with function groups give them targeting properties where special organ and/or tissue can be targeted. Up to now, different studies illustrated the importance of the multipurpose properties of the metallic nanoparticles. In this report, we assessed the metal nanoparticles reported as X-ray computed tomography contrast agent. For the first time in the literature we listed in vivo contrast enhancement, targeted drug delivery and dual/multipurpose imaging properties of each metallic nanoparticles. Therapeutic effects of metallic nanoparticles such as photothermal therapy and magnetic hyperthermia were also addressed. A chart showing relative contrast enhancement properties of the nanoparticles were produced. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.WOS:0005693830000072-s2.0-8508637879

A new evaluation of the fatigue design criteria of roller compacted concrete (RCC) pavements

Although mechanical fatigue loading can generally cause critical stresses in pavement systems, there have been few studies that specifically investigate fatigue behavior of roller-compacted concrete (RCC). Possible reasons for this lack include the complexity and time-consuming nature of fatigue tests as well as difficulties in producing RCC prismatic specimens because of stiff consistency in their fresh state. In this experimental study, to simulate actual field-compaction procedures, three RCC mixes of different performance categories were compacted in a plate mold by first applying a vibratory plate compactor, followed by a small-scale vibratory hand roller. Fatigue behavior of RCC mixtures was investigated by applying fatigue loads at five different stress ratios on beam specimens taken from the compacted plates. The average fatigue strength of RCC corresponding to 2 million loading cycles was found to be about 62.5% of the ultimate static strength, showing that RCC performs better than conventional concrete under fatigue. Using a Weibull distribution, the failure probabilities of these mixtures were also determined and expressed as an S-N-P curve. The relationships between RCC fatigue life and mixture design parameters showed that the degree of compaction of a specimen significantly affects the fatigue performance of RCC. A fatigue-life model considering the mixture parameters was also developed, providing a more realistic and novel solution than other RCC fatigue life-estimation models found in the literature that consider only stress ratios. This model is less conservative than those currently used in pavement design

AN UPLC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SORAFENIB IN HUMAN PLASMA BY FLUORIMETRIC DETECTION WITH PRE-COLUMN DERIVATIZATION AND APPLICATION TO A PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY

This research presents a new, sensitive and selective UPLC method with fluorometric detection for the determination of sorafenib in human plasma and application of the method to a pharmacokinetic study. Sorafenib was precolumn derivatized with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) and the separation of the fluorescent derivative was performed with a C18 column (50 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 mu m) at 40oC using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile -0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water (60:40, v/v) by isocratic elution with flow rate of 0.5 mL min-1. The injection volume was 7 mu L. The method depends on the measurement of the derivative using fluorescence detection (lambda ex = 398 nm, lambda em = 425 nm). The retention time of sorafenib was 3.10 +/- 0.02 min. The novel method was validated in accordance with ICH criteria by studying on the parameters such as specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The method was determined to be linear in a concentration range of 0.25-10 mu g mL(-1) with the correlation coefficient of 0.9995. Limit of detection and quantitation were found to be 0.075 and 0.25 mu g mL-1, respectively. Intraday and interday RSD values were less than 5.48%. The plasma concentration-time profile and pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC0-t, AUC0-& INFIN;, Cmax, tmax, t1/2 were measured according to the assays. The proposed method is feasible to investigate the bioequivalence and bioavailability and routine analysis of the drug in plasma