Les pêches de l’URSS dans l’Atlantique du Nord-Est et l’élargissement des zones de pêche exclusive

After the last war, the USSR set it self to increase the development of its ocean fisheries from its two North-East Atlantic seaboards on the Barents Sea and the Baltic. With a modernized fleet and almost complete freedom on the seas, its catch increased six fold between 1950 and 1976, going from 0,4 to 2,5 million tons per year, and Soviet fishermen could be found roaming on all the seas bordering Europe. However, as from 1977, this expansion was fiercely curtailed when coastal nations, including the USSR, established the 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or mere exclusive fishing zone (EFZ), each being alloted almost all of its living resource s. More fishing grounds were lost by the USSR than gained, to the point where production suddenly fell in 1977 and it had to turn to fish of lesser quality, often used for industrial purposes, such as the Capelin (Mallotus villosus) and the blue Whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) which today make up to 60 % of all its catch off Northern Europe. The Soviet authorities reacted with flexibility and diversity, namely by increased fishing in the national exclusive zone, particularly in the Barents Sea, through negotiations leading to access rights to foreign waters, particularly those of Norway and the Faeroe Islands, and through a policy whereby it could purchase unprocessed fish from some members of the EEC. Thus Russian factory ships came to the British coasts to process mackerel delivered to them at sea by English and Scottish fishermen. It is through such a strategy of diversification, various examples of which may be found around the world, that the Soviets have succeeded in regaining grounds lost in 1977 and in reaching an average production of 1,7 million tons from 1977 to 1983 in the North-East Atlantic, this being 3 to 4 % less than that of 1970-76, notwithstanding the few purchases of fish made directly at sea

Etude du comportement global d'un SED en vue de la validation de sa commande spécifiée par Grafcet

International audienc

L'observation environnementale au prisme du paysage. Dynamiques paysagères, actions territoriales et représentations socio-spatiales contemporaines dans le territoire de l'OHM Pyrénées-Haut Vicdessos

International audienceSome people in charge of the OHM Pyrénées Haut Vicdessos underwent a methodological piece of research, whose aim was to turn the very landscape into a borderline tool between natural and social sciences. One singular point was to include the socio-spatial representations of the localpeople into the frame, through a close observation of both their sensibilities and expectations. Our results disclosed the complexity of the links between the very landscape, the way people look at it, and politics. Besides, such research entitled the present locals to reassess first the way their territory has been set in the long run and, next, the cultural bases of the place. In its turn, such reassessment enables the discussions and thinking that are prerequisite to the sustainable development of the territory.Dans le cadre de l'Observatoire Hommes-Milieux Pyrénées-Haut Vicdessos a été engagée une réflexion méthodologique visant à faire du paysage un outil pour une analyse interdisciplinaire à l'interface entre sciences naturelles et sciences sociales. L'objectif général du projet est de développer une observation qui s'intéresse aux évolutions paysagères en lien avec les différentes politiques à effet environnemental et territorial qui ont été, qui sont en train ou dont il est projeté qu'elles soient mises en œuvre dans le Vicdessos. La prise en compte des représentations socio-spatiales constitue une des originalités de ce projet. Il s'agit de construire une observation, qui ne soit pas seulement fondée sur la matérialité des environnements et des paysages, mais qui prenne également en compte les représentations sociales, les attentes et les sensibilités des acteurs et des populations. Les résultats obtenus restent partiels. Mais, ils montrent d'ores-et-déjà toute la complexité des relations s'établissant, dans la durée, entre les formes paysagères, les regards portés sur les paysages et les actions et les politiques menées dans les domaines du territoire, de l'environnement, du patrimoine ou du tourisme. La démarche utilisée permet en outre de placer les acteurs contemporains face à une histoire des modes d'actions sur l'espace et de leurs fondements culturels, afin de créer les conditions d'une concertation permettant l'émergence de valeurs partageables, fondements d'une réflexion sur le développement local et durable du territoire

070: Heterogeneity in regional peaks of left ventricular deformation is correlated with exercise capacity in primitive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

ObjectivePrevious studies have described a left ventricular (LV) heterogeneity in regional peaks of deformation in patients with primitive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We studied this heterogeneity in HCM patients with echocardiography both at rest and during exercise in order to evaluate its correlation with exercise capacity.MethodsThirty consecutive HCM patients were evaluated with echocardiography at rest and during exercise on a dedicated table. 2D speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) was used to assess LV deformation heterogeneity according to the standard deviation between systolic peaks of regional longitudinal strains.ResultsAge was 55.1±12.7 yrs, maximal wall thickness was 20.3±.4mm. Maximal load during exercise was 94±41 Watts. LV ejection fraction was preserved both at rest and during exercise (67±8% at rest and 69±8% during exercise). Global longitudinal strain (GLS) was altered (-15.5±4.1% at rest and -15.2±5.9% during exercise). Heterogeneity in regional peaks of deformation was 54.6±27.8ms at rest and 41.3±23.9ms during exercise. We noted correlations between maximal load achieved (r=-0.48, p=0.007), exercise GLS (r=0.47, p=0.009) and maximal LV thickness (r=0.48, p=0.007) with the level of LV deformation heterogeneity recorded during exercise. These correlations were lower if we considered LV deformation heterogeneity at rest. The population was then divided in 2 groups according to the level of exercise heterogeneity in regional peaks of deformation (cut-off value of 41ms, i.e. mean value of the global population). The group with the more marked heterogeneity of LV deformation showed the thicker wall, the lower GLS at exercise and the weaker exercise capacity. This result was independent of the age.ConclusionIn CMH patients exercise echocardiography add information. Indeed heterogeneity in regional peaks of deformation in longitudinal LV is correlated with exercise capacity and importance of myocardial hypertrophy

An improved genome of the model marine alga Ostreococcus tauri unfolds by assessing Illumina de novo assemblies

Background: Cost effective next generation sequencing technologies now enable the production of genomic datasets for many novel planktonic eukaryotes, representing an understudied reservoir of genetic diversity. O. tauri is the smallest free-living photosynthetic eukaryote known to date, a coccoid green alga that was first isolated in 1995 in a lagoon by the Mediterranean sea. Its simple features, ease of culture and the sequencing of its 13 Mb haploid nuclear genome have promoted this microalga as a new model organism for cell biology. Here, we investigated the quality of genome assemblies of Illumina GAIIx 75 bp paired-end reads from Ostreococcus tauri, thereby also improving the existing assembly and showing the genome to be stably maintained in culture. Results: The 3 assemblers used, ABySS, CLCBio and Velvet, produced 95% complete genomes in 1402 to 2080 scaffolds with a very low rate of misassembly. Reciprocally, these assemblies improved the original genome assembly by filling in 930 gaps. Combined with additional analysis of raw reads and PCR sequencing effort, 1194 gaps have been solved in total adding up to 460 kb of sequence. Mapping of RNAseq Illumina data on this updated genome led to a twofold reduction in the proportion of multi-exon protein coding genes, representing 19% of the total 7699 protein coding genes. The comparison of the DNA extracted in 2001 and 2009 revealed the fixation of 8 single nucleotide substitutions and 2 deletions during the approximately 6000 generations in the lab. The deletions either knocked out or truncated two predicted transmembrane proteins, including a glutamate-receptor like gene. Conclusion: High coverage (>80 fold) paired-end Illumina sequencing enables a high quality 95% complete genome assembly of a compact ~13 Mb haploid eukaryote. This genome sequence has remained stable for 6000 generations of lab culture

Lower Cardiovascular Stress during Resistance Training Performed with Inter-Repetition Rests in Elderly Coronary Patients

[EN] Abstract: Background and Objectives: Hemodynamic stress during resistance training is often a reason why this training method is not used in cardiac patients. A lifting protocol that imposes rests between repetitions (IRRT) may provide less hemodynamic stress compared to traditional resistance training (TT). The aim of this study was to verify differences between set configurations on hemodynamic stress responses in resistance training. Materials and Methods: We compared hemodynamic (heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and rate pressure product (RPP)) responses assessed with the auscultatory method in elderly (age = 75.3 ± 7.3 years) coronary male patients who were participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program allocated to either TT or IRRT with the same load (kg) and total number of repetitions (24) in the bilateral leg extension exercise. Results: IRRT resulted in significant lower values than TT for RPP at repetitions 8 (p = 0.024; G = 0.329; 95% CI: 0.061, 0.598) and 16 (p = 0.014; G = 0.483; 95% CI: 0.112, 0.854) . Conclusions: IRRT appears to be a viable method of reducing the hemodynamic response (i.e., RPP) to resistance training and, thus, may contribute to the safety of cardiac rehabilitation programs. Further studies with more cardiac patients and other measurement techniques should be conducted to confirm these important finding

Intense exercise training induces adaptation in expression and responsiveness of cardiac β-adrenoceptors in diabetic rats

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Informations about the effects of intense exercise training on diabetes-induced myocardial dysfunctions are lacking. We have examined the effects of intense exercise training on the cardiac function of diabetic rats, especially focusing on the Langendorff β-adrenergic responsiveness and on the β-adrenoceptors protein expression.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Control or Streptozotocin induced-diabetic male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to sedentary or trained groups. The training program consisted of 8 weeks running on a treadmill (10° incline, up to 25 m/min, 60 min/day) and was considered to be intense for diabetic rats.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>This intense exercise training amplified the <it>in vivo </it>diabetes-induced bradycardia. It had no effect on Langendorff basal cardiac contraction and relaxation performances in control and diabetic rats. In diabetic rats, it accentuated the Langendorff reduced responsiveness to β-adrenergic stimulation. It did not blunt the diabetes-induced decrease of β1-adrenoceptors protein expression, displayed a significant decrease in the β2-adrenoceptors protein expression and normalized the β3-adrenoceptors protein expression.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Intense exercise training accentuated the decrease in the myocardial responsiveness to β-adrenergic stimulation induced by diabetes. This defect stems principally from the β2-adrenoceptors protein expression reduction. Thus, these results demonstrate that intense exercise training induces specific effects on the β-adrenergic system in diabetes.</p