Vernacular architecture on archaeological remains. Conservation and enhancement of the “Villa San Limato” in Cellole

[EN] The paper aims to analyze a case of vernacular architecture in Cellole (Italy) built on the roman maritime villa of Sofonio Tigellino, prefect under the Emperor Nero.‘Villa San Limato’, built in the eighteenth century, includes a roman cryptoporticus and some thermal rooms of the original roman villa. The roman walls, the ancient mosaics and the marmoreal rests of San Limato were accidentally found in 1954, during agricultural works. Only in 1971 the roman villa was fully excavated by Werner Johannowsky.The roman villa of ‘San Limato’ is a rare example of suburban roman villa with private baths, included in a much larger archaeological area on the edge of the ancient Roman colony of Sinuessa (296 a.C. – V century). The ruins of Sinuessa are still visible on the seacoast of Mons Massicus and, underwater, off the coast of Mondragone.The ‘Masseria San Limato’ is an interesting case study for examine the coexistence between archaeological pre-existence and rural architecture. It’s possible to study how the rural farm have been developed often re-using the archeological rests, as foundations for the new buildings or employing archaeological materials inside the building.The ‘Masseria San Limato’, which is largerly in a state of disuse and abandonment, is not yet fully known and constitute an important example of local built heritage for the values of construction tradition, materials and techniques that they preserve.The study is characterized by an interdisciplinary approach. It will illustrate the characteristic values of an emblematic vernacular architecture and his state of conservation analyzed with respect to the structural instability and degradation in order to identify guidelines for the conservation, enhancement and the storytelling, at the same time, of the rural and archeological heritage.Cappelli, L. (2022). Vernacular architecture on archaeological remains. Conservation and enhancement of the “Villa San Limato” in Cellole. En Proceedings HERITAGE 2022 - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 971-978. https://doi.org/10.4995/HERITAGE2022.2022.1436597197

Special issue on "Marine Energy Conversion":

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Anfiteatri romani tra restauro, tutela e miglioramento della fruizione. Letture comparate tra Spagna e Italia

La trasmissione al futuro di un patrimonio ad alta specificità come quello anfiteatrale è messa oggi a rischio se posta nell'ottica dell'adeguamento funzionale e dell'ampliamento della fruizione ad ogni costo rispetto a quelle della conservazione e della tutela. Indagando le ragioni di tale disequilibrio, la presente ricerca intende: aumentare il grado di conoscenza degli anfiteatri romani, analizzandoli dal punto di vista non solo storico-morfologico ma soprattutto materico rispetto a criticità conservative ricorrenti; studiare e rileggere le vicende costruttive, di riscoperta e di intervento su tali edifici antichi, focalizzando l'attenzione sui casi studio selezionati in Spagna e in Italia, valutando le trasformazioni subite nel tempo e le modalità storiche di intervento su materiali e su elementi costruttivi; individuare nodi teoretici e criteri progettuali per il restauro, il miglioramento della fruizione e la manutenzione programmata degli anfiteatri romani, utili ad accrescere l'esperienza culturale di un sito archeologico, chiarendone i livelli conoscitivi e di fruizione, anche attraverso un consapevole storytelling. Alla ricerca bibliografica e allo studio dello stato dell'arte relativo agli anfiteatri romani in Europa, segue l'individuazione di due casi studio, attraverso cui si analizzano le questioni relative alla domanda di ricerca: l'anfiteatro di Tarragona, in Spagna, e l'anfiteatro di Santa Maria Capua Vetere, in Italia. Tale confronto consente, mediante una visione diacronica dei loro palinsesti e a valle dell'analisi delle loro criticità conservative ricorrenti, la formulazione di possibili strategie di restauro attualizzate alle istanze contemporanee, finalizzate anche al miglioramento della fruizione. Il confronto tra i casi studio permette di comprendere a fondo i due contesti di riferimento, le vicende storiche e gli interventi che hanno condotto i due anfiteatri ad assumere le sembianze attuali, sopravvivendo ad alterazioni e cambi d'uso. Si individuano, infine e più generalmente, i criteri e i nodi progettuali per l'intervento conservativo e di valorizzazione sugli anfiteatri romani, imprescindibili anche per una pianificazione consapevole dell'offerta culturale basata sulla loro conoscenza, fruizione inclusiva e promozione

algae based biorefinery concept an lci analysis for a theoretical plant

Abstract Both micro and macro algae have a potential to be a valuable feedstock for biorefineries. The theoretical impact assessment of this kind of plant can be carried out through an LCA, which is a key tool in order to evaluate the potential environmental impact of a process throughout its entire life cycle. Hence, it is a priority to perform an LCI with the aim of gathering all the data and simulating all the unit process of a theoretical biorefinery. The Inventory ensures to obtain a simple and immediate way to represent several aspects of a biorefinery, e.g. productivity, environmental pressures, required resources in terms of raw materials and energy. One of the main aspects clearly shown in this study is the significant environmental pressures due to the cultivation and harvesting steps, for which it is desirable to consider a biomass collection from the environment, especially from areas where eutrophication phenomena are particularly recurrent. Another conclusion drawn from the study is that the total plant production per year appears very limited, if compared to any conventional refinery. The following approach can also provide a starting data set to perform a first approximate economic analysis of the costs/gains of the outlined project, and it could be used as a first concept design for the project development of a real plant

Effect of Se source and dose on selenomethionine and selenocysteine levels in blood and plasma of mature horses.

The study comprised 25 mature horses and incorporated five dietary treatments;anega- a nega- tive control (C: 0.085 mg Se/kg DM), 3 levels of Se yeast supplementation, obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3060 (OS2, OS3 and OS4: 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg Se/kg DM respectively) and one positive control supplemented with Na selenite (IS3: 0.3 mg Se/kg DM). Diets were offered for 112 days. Total Se, proportion of total Se comprised as selenomethionine (SeMet) or selenocysteine (SeCys) of pooled samples of blood and plasma for each treatment at d 0.56 and 112 were determined. Total Se and SeCys increased both in blood and plasma during the trial in all treatments supplemented with Se; these increases were pro- portional to the level of dietary Se supplementation. TheSeMetincreasedonlyintreatmentssupplemented The SeMet increased only in treatments supplemented with Se yeast, with increases proportional to the level of dietary Se supplementation. In Se yeast horses the proportion of total Se comprised as SeMet accounted for 20 and 14% of total Se increase in blood and plasma respectively; in IS3 only accounted for 5 and 3% respectively. These results seem support the view that SeMet is a non-specific form of Se that is metabolized as a constituent of the methionine pool, and can can be considered as a storage form of Se in higher animals.

Application of a NIR device for precision feeding in dairy farms: effect on metabolic conditions and milk production

Forages dry matter (DM) could vary among batches and in particular when silages are fed. These variations could modify nutrients composition of total mixed ration and affect cows performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of application of a precision feeding system (PFS) based on a near infra-red scanner, on metabolic conditions and milk yield in lactating dairy cows. The study was performed in 7 farms where PFS was installed on feed mixer to perform a weight-adjustment of DM measured in real time on feeds. A cross-over (14 weeks periods) was applied, PFS was switched on (PF-ON) in three herds and off in the other four (PF-OFF) during 1st period, and vice versa in 2nd period. At the end of two periods, in each herd 7 early and 7 mid lactation cows, for a total of 196 cows, were checked for: blood parameters, milk yield and composition. During the study deviation of DM of target diet (calculated on amount of feed in recipe and applying the DM determined in laboratory) and diets really distributed to cows tended to be lower with PF-ON vs. PF-OFF (0.06 vs 0.12 kg, p = .12). In early lactating cows, lower blood urea (4.63 vs 4.88 mmol/L, p = .115) indicated a better feed protein utilisation in PF-ON vs. PF-OFF. Milk yield and composition were not affected. The use of PFS meliorated the consistency of TMR, which could determine a better efficiency of nutrients utilisation and a reduction of production costs.Highlights Near infra-red (NIR) technology can be advantageously applied at farm level within a precision feeding system for dairy cows. The system allowed a more constant daily supply of nutrients with a reduction of metabolic alterations and a higher efficiency of feed protein utilisation. Utilization of NIR technology at farm level can be economically sustainable

Effect of diets with different content of starch and protein fed to dairy cows in early lactation on milk yield and traits

With the aim to study the effect on milk yield and its traits of 2 different levels of fermentable carbohydrates (LS: 25.5%, and HS: 29.5% DM) combined with 2 protein levels (LP: 15.5% and HP: 16.5% DM), 4 Italian Friesian dairy cows in early lactation housed in a tied stall were used. The experimental diets were obtained adjusting in 4 supplements the proportion of high energy fibrous (beet pulp, soybean hull) or starchy (corn meal) feeds and of meal protein more (soybean meal) or less (Soy-Pass®: xylose-treated soybean meal) degradable. The highest DMI was observed in HSHP which showed also a low content of NDF. Milk yield resulted over 45 kg/d throughout the study and higher when HSHP diet was fed (46.1 kg). Milk fat was always at high level and the lowest value (3.89%) with HSHP and the highest (4.08%) with LSLP were observed. The diets did not modified milk protein (their average levels resulted of 3.25%) and lactose content. Milk acidity and renneting traits were higher when HSLP was fed, and resulted at adequate levels when all the diets were fed. When the diets for dairy cow are formulated to cover the animal requirements and respect their digestion physiology, it is possible to reach high milk yield level and maintaining, at the same time, a high milk quality

Novel organ-specific effects of Ketoprofen and its enantiomer, dexketoprofen on toxicological response transcripts and their functional products in salmon.

Racemic ketoprofen (RS-KP) and its enantiomer, dexketoprofen (S(+)-KP) are widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and commonly detected in the aquatic environment. The present study has evaluated the toxicological effects of RS-KP and S(+)-KP on biotransformation and oxidative stress responses in gills and liver of Atlantic salmon. Fish were exposed for 10 days using different concentrations of RS-KP (1, 10 and 100 μg/L) and S(+)-KP (0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L). Biotransformation and oxidative stress responses were analysed at both transcript and functional levels. In the gills, significant inhibitory effect at transcriptional and enzymatic levels were observed for biotransformation and oxidative stress responses. On the contrary, biotransformation responses were significantly increased at transcriptional and translational levels in the liver, while the associated enzymatic activities did not parallel this trend and were inhibited and further demonstrated by principal component analysis (PCA). Our findings showed that both compounds produced comparable toxicological effects, by producing organ-specific effect differences. RS-KP and S(+)-KP did not bioaccumulate in fish muscle, either due to rapid metabolism or excretion as a result of their hydrophobic properties. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects observed in the gills suggest that these drugs may not undergo first pass metabolism, that might result to downstream differences in toxicological outcomes

Novel organ-specific effects of Ketoprofen and its enantiomer, dexketoprofen on toxicological response transcripts and their functional products in salmon

Racemic ketoprofen (RS-KP) and its enantiomer, dexketoprofen (S(+)-KP) are widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and commonly detected in the aquatic environment. The present study has evaluated the toxicological effects of RS-KP and S(+)-KP on biotransformation and oxidative stress responses in gills and liver of Atlantic salmon. Fish were exposed for 10 days using different concentrations of RS-KP (1, 10 and 100 μg/L) and S(+)-KP (0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L). Biotransformation and oxidative stress responses were analysed at both transcript and functional levels. In the gills, significant inhibitory effect at transcriptional and enzymatic levels were observed for biotransformation and oxidative stress responses. On the contrary, biotransformation responses were significantly increased at transcriptional and translational levels in the liver, while the associated enzymatic activities did not parallel this trend and were inhibited and further demonstrated by principal component analysis (PCA). Our findings showed that both compounds produced comparable toxicological effects, by producing organ-specific effect differences. RS-KP and S(+)-KP did not bioaccumulate in fish muscle, either due to rapid metabolism or excretion as a result of their hydrophobic properties. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects observed in the gills suggest that these drugs may not undergo first pass metabolism, that might result to downstream differences in toxicological outcomes

Factor Structure and Criterion Validity of an Enlarged Version of the Parental Bonding Instrument

Factorial structure and criterion validity of an enlarged version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI-E) were evaluated in a community sample of young adults. This enlarged version was obtained by adding parental favouritism (FAV) and put-down/shaming (PUT_D) to the original care and overprotection (OV) scales as recalled by the offspring. Factor analysis suggested a five factor model as the best solution, identifying CARE, FAV and PUT_D and splitting the overprotection items into two factors, denial of psychological autonomy (DPA) and discouragement of behavioural freedom, (DBF) with Cronbach's alphas ranging from .77 to .92. These five scales were correlated with depression and anxiety of the offspring, measured by BDI and STAI. Both of them correlated negatively with care and positively with the other parental scales, as expected by Parker's theory on the role of affectionless control for the psychopathological vulnerability of the children. A series of hierarchical regression analyses, including CARE, DPA and DBF at the first step and FAV and PUT_D at the second step, showed that the latter enhanced the predictive power of the instrument. Overall these findings: (1) suggest a five factor structure for the PBI-E and (2) confirm the criterion validity of the PBI scales in respect to children's depression and anxiety, providing also compelling evidence for the incremental validity of Gilbert's scales