Reprise d'études à l'université : quels publics, quelles finalités ?

International audienc

Comparer les performances des universités : les indicateurs quantitatifs en questions

Une première partie s'attachera à expliciter la manière dont le processus de quantification se déploie dans les universités avec la LOLF puis la LRU : les indicateurs quantitatifs servent au ministère à mesurer la performance et définir des cibles à atteindre. Une seconde porte sur les indicateurs d'insertion professionnelle des sortants de master issus des enquêtes harmonisées, imposées depuis 2009 par le ministère aux établissements, à des fins de comparabilité des universités. Elle analyse " l'usage social " de ces indicateurs à partir du point de vue des personnels des observatoires universitaires. Enfin une dernière partie questionne la " validité scientifique " des indicateurs d'établissements issus de cette même enquête auprès des sortants de master

Les outils de mesure de la mobilité

Ouvrage diffusé par le Cereq Centre d'études et de recherches sur les qualifications, Marseille 13567 (FRA) ; Collection : Net.Doc (48) ; ISSN 1776-3177 - Information sur la première de couverture : « Ce document est présenté sur le site du Céreq afin de favoriser la diffusion et la discussion de résultats de travaux d’études et de recherches. Il propose un état d’avancement provisoire d’une réflexion pouvant déboucher sur une publication. Les hypothèses et points de vue qu’il expose, de même que sa présentation et son titre, n’engagent pas le Céreq et sont de la responsabilité des auteurs. »National audienceMobilité de cursus, mobilité d’insertion, déterminants de la mobilité, approche quantitative ou qualitative, ce chapitre expose les outils connus pour étudier la mobilité, que ce soit pour les Observatoires de la vie étudiantes (OVE) ou pour les chercheurs qui souhaitent analyser les processus de l’orientation dans l’enseignement supérieur ou les phases d’insertion professionnelle des sortants. Il est organisé en trois parties : les sources statistiques, les nomenclatures, les variables et indicateurs. La première partie cherche à faire le point sur les différentes sources statistiques existantes. Néanmoins, il convient de préciser que, si les données existent, elles ne sont pas nécessairement immédiatement à portée d’études. Certaines, de type institutionnel, demandent d’être dans l’institution, d’autres d’autorisation de mise à disposition, d’extraction des différents champs utiles à l’analyse. Certaines enfin peuvent faire l’objet, à partir d’une source-mère, d’une extension restreinte au domaine d’étude. Il s’agit en outre d’un bilan hic et nunc, sur les sources disponibles et malgré notre souhait de rechercher l’exhaustivité, il s’agit d’un panorama de nos connaissances sur ces mêmes données sans garantie qu’un oubli se soit glissé dans cette description. Il conviendrait alors de nous les signaler. On décrira ces sources selon quatre points : un descriptif des sources et leur approche de la mobilité, leur(s) intérêt(s), leur(s) limite(s) et les interlocuteurs (population visée et destinataires des études). En fin d’article, un tableau résumera les différentes sources. Celles-ci sont abordées selon une approche territoriale, elle-même corrélée à la mobilité : internationale, nationale, régionale et locale. Les deuxième et troisième parties visent à donner les clefs de traitements des sources précédemment présentées. Quelles nomenclatures utiliser ? Sur quelles variables de mobilité faut-il travailler ? Comment construire des indicateurs pertinents permettant de suivre l’évolution de l’attractivité d’un établissement ou d’une formation ? Comment analyser les trajectoires d’insertion professionnelle des sortants ? Autant de questions pour lesquelles nous avons essayé de proposer des réponses simples et pratiques à mettre en oeuvre. En fin d’article, plusieurs pistes nouvelles, encore peu développées à l’heure actuelle, font l’objet d’une présentation succincte

Targeting acid ceramidase inhibits YAP/TAZ signaling to reduce fibrosis in mice

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) drive hepatic fibrosis. Therapies that inactivate HSCs have clinical potential as antifibrotic agents. We previously identified acid ceramidase (aCDase) as an antifibrotic target. We showed that tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) reduce hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting aCDase and increasing the bioactive sphingolipid ceramide. We now demonstrate that targeting aCDase inhibits YAP/TAZ activity by potentiating its phosphorylation-mediated proteasomal degradation via the ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein β-TrCP. In mouse models of fibrosis, pharmacologic inhibition of aCDase or genetic knockout of aCDase in HSCs reduces fibrosis, stromal stiffness, and YAP/TAZ activity. In patients with advanced fibrosis, aCDase expression in HSCs is increased. Consistently, a signature of the genes most down-regulated by ceramide identifies patients with advanced fibrosis who could benefit from aCDase targeting. The findings implicate ceramide as a critical regulator of YAP/TAZ signaling and HSC activation and highlight aCDase as a therapeutic target for the treatment of fibrosis

Article 8 MSFD Assessment Guidance

International audienc

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care