Historia y poder: los (des)usos de Marx por Foucault

El artículo busca sostener que el uso de la obra de Karl Marx hecho por Michel Foucault obedeció al análisis genealógico a través del cual fue sometida la interpretación hecha por el filósofo alemán entorno a la economía. Sin embargo, aun cuando en el análisis genealógico se utilizaron categorías propuestas por Marx, ello no significó ninguna dependencia de Foucault sobre su obra. Para lograr este objetivo, se comprobará que la historia y el poder fueron dos piezas que se engranaron para hacer posible la comprensión del funcionamiento de la economía. De manera que Foucault demostraría la necesidad de descentralizar al sujeto como constituyente de las relaciones históricas y así aclarar la manera en que el discurso filosófico del marxismo, pretendiendo ser considerado como ciencia, incidió en la emergencia de saberes que permitieron entender los mecanismos de producción y su relación con el sujeto.This article intends to support that the use of the work of Karl Marx done by Michel Foucault was due to the genealogical research. In this analysis, the economy interpretation of the German philosopher was subdued. Although, proposed categories by Marx were used, this did not mean any dependence of Foucault over his work. To achieve the objective, it will be demonstrated that history and power were two parts that joined to permit the comprehension of the economy’s operation. Therefore, Foucault would demonstrate the need of decentralize the subject as constituent of the historic relationships. In this way, he would clarify the way the philosophic Marxism discourse, intending to be considered as science, caused the emergency of knowledge that permitted to understand the mechanisms of production and its relation with the subject

To decolonize is not to demodernize: a critical dialogue between S. Castro-Gómez and E. Dussel

In this article we intend to develop the thesis according to which Santiago Castro-Gómez's critique of Enrique Dussel was a denaturalization of the Argentine philosopher's analysis of the modern project, in which Castro-Gómez brought to the forefront the practices of colonial legacies as a condition of possibility for the emergence of modernity, without the need to resort to the founding figure of the individual, an aspect that is present in Dussel's proposal. This thesis will be demonstrated through a critical dialogue between these two authors around the problem of modernity and coloniality from three analytical keys, postmodernity, modernity and decolonization, in order to think about the way in which colonial practices operated in the modern project through the use of the values present in modernity itself, without this implying a supposed demodernization.En este artículo nos disponemos desarrollar la tesis según la cual la crítica elaborada por Santiago Castro-Gómez a Enrique Dussel se trató de una desnaturalización del análisis del filósofo argentino sobre el proyecto moderno, en la cual Castro-Gómez puso de relieve las prácticas de las herencias coloniales como condición de posibilidad para la emergencia de la modernidad, sin necesidad de recurrir a la figura fundante del sujeto, aspecto que sí se encuentra presente en la propuesta del mendocino. Esta tesis se demostrará mediante un diálogo crítico entre estos dos autores en torno al problema de la modernidad y la colonialidad a partir de tres claves analíticas, la posmodernidad, la modernidad y la descolonización, con el fin de pensar el modo en que las prácticas coloniales operaron en el proyecto moderno a través del uso de los valores presentes en la misma modernidad, sin que ello implique caer en una supuesta desmodernización

Ruralización del saber: Retos epistémicos en la escuela rural. El Caso Puerto Quinchana

This article presents the theoretical and practical elements of a pedagogical experience denominated Ruralization of knowledge implemented in the educational institution “Puerto Quinchana” located in the municipality of San Agustín (Huila, Colombia). The thesis of the proposal consists of connecting the circumstantial context where the educational community lives with the state pedagogical dispositions, situating it as an input for the development of situated competences. Ruralization would operate as a way of contextualization of knowing and making the being of the subject, in this case, of the student and the teacher, to be the architect of himself, which is only possible within these relationships and not outside of it (being).En el presente artículo se exponen los elementos teóricos y prácticos de una experiencia pedagógica llamada Ruralización del saber llevada a cabo en la institución educativa “Puerto Quinchana”, ubicada en el municipio de San Agustín (Huila, Colombia). La tesis de la propuesta consiste en concatenar el contexto circunstancial donde habita la comunidad educativa con las disposiciones pedagógicas estatales, como un insumo para el desarrollo de competencias situadas. La ruralización operaría a modo de contextualización del saber y del hacer haciendo que el ser del sujeto, en este caso, del estudiante y del docente, sea artífice de sí mismo, lo cual sólo es posible dentro de estas relaciones y no fuera de ella (estar)

Genealogía y colonialidad: Los usos de Foucault en el pensamiento de Santiago Castro-Gómez (1996-2009)

The following article will present an analysis of the main postulates developed by the Colombian philosopher Santiago Castro-Gómez from which it is evident how his reading of Michel Foucault operates around genealogy in its discursive order. I will begin by exposing the methodological limits of genealogy as a method of analysis within the philosophical proposal of the Colombian. Then, I will show which were the genealogical implications that influenced the decolonial turn within this proposal. And finally, I will explain the arguments that support the investigative bet called Genealogy of Colombianity.En el siguiente artículo se presentará un análisis de los principales postulados que ha desarrollado el filósofo colombiano Santiago Castro-Gómez a partir de los cuales se evidencia el modo cómo opera su lectura de Michel Foucault alrededor de la genealogía al interior de su orden discursivo. Empezaré exponiendo los alcances metodológicos de la genealogía entendida como método de análisis dentro de la propuesta filosófica del colombiano. Luego, mostraré cuáles fueron las implicaciones genealógicas que influyeron en el giro decolonial dentro de esta propuesta. Y finalmente, explicaré los argumentos que soportan la apuesta investigativa denominada Genealogía de la colombianidad

The one-dimensional as a disciplinary: A dialogue between H. Marcuse and M. Foucault

The present work will seek to identify the convergent points between the idea of one-dimensionality of Herbert Marcuse as a critique of the conformation of a civilization and the analysis of the discipline carried out by Michel Foucault in the consolidation of modern normal societies. Likewise, it is also intended to point out the breakdowns of one and the other within their postulates, namely, as in the case of Marcuse, using Freud, he argues that the repression of sexuality was the expression of the instrumentalization of eros in the project of a one-dimensional civilization. However, Foucault, on the other hand and contrary to this idea, believes that beyond the repression of sexuality, this allowed the propagation of new discourses and practices that would allow exercising the power of control and normalization of individuals. The destructive sense of sexuality in Marcuse for the construction of civilization is tackled in Foucault as a space in which new disciplinary habits emerge. Thus, what for Marcuse is one-dimensional, for Foucault is disciplinary.El presente trabajo buscará identificar los puntos convergentes entre la idea de unidimensionalidad de Herber Marcuse como crítica a la conformación de una civilización y el análisis de la disciplina realizado por Michel Foucault en la consolidación de las sociedades normales modernas. Asimismo, se pretende también señalar los quiebres del uno y otro dentro de los postulados de estos, a saber, como en el caso de Marcuse, valiéndose de Freud, sostiene que la represión de la sexualidad fue la expresión de la instrumentalización del eros en el proyecto de una civilización unidimensional. No obstante, Foucault por su lado y contrario a esta idea, estima que más allá de la represión de la sexualidad, esta permitió la propagación de nuevos discursos y prácticas que permitirían ejercer el poder de control y normalización de los individuos. El sentido destructivo de la sexualidad en Marcuse para la construcción de la civilización es virada en Foucault como un espacio en el que emergen nuevos hábitos de disciplinización. Así, lo que para Marcuse es unidimensional, para Foucault es disciplinario

Lo unidimensional como disciplinario: Un diálogo entre Herbert Marcuse y Michel Foucault

The present work will seek to identify the convergent points between the idea of one-dimensionality of Herbert Marcuse as a critique of the conformation of a civilization and the analysis of the discipline carried out by Michel Foucault in the consolidation of modern normal societies. Likewise, it is also intended to point out the breakdowns of one and the other within their postulates, namely, as in the case of Marcuse, using Freud, he argues that the repression of sexuality was the expression of the instrumentalization of eros in the project of a one-dimensional civilization. However, Foucault, on the other hand and contrary to this idea, believes that beyond the repression of sexuality, this allowed the propagation of new discourses and practices that would allow exercising the power of control and normalization of individuals. The destructive sense of sexuality in Marcuse for the construction of civilization is tackled in Foucault as a space in which new disciplinary habits emerge. Thus, what for Marcuse is one-dimensional, for Foucault is disciplinary.El presente trabajo buscará identificar los puntos convergentes entre la idea de unidimensionalidad de Herber Marcuse como crítica a la conformación de una civilización y el análisis de la disciplina realizado por Michel Foucault en la consolidación de las sociedades normales modernas. Asimismo, se pretende también señalar los quiebres del uno y otro dentro de los postulados de estos, a saber, como en el caso de Marcuse, valiéndose de Freud, sostiene que la represión de la sexualidad fue la expresión de la instrumentalización del eros en el proyecto de una civilización unidimensional. No obstante, Foucault por su lado y contrario a esta idea, estima que más allá de la represión de la sexualidad, esta permitió la propagación de nuevos discursos y prácticas que permitirían ejercer el poder de control y normalización de los individuos. El sentido destructivo de la sexualidad en Marcuse para la construcción de la civilización es virada en Foucault como un espacio en el que emergen nuevos hábitos de disciplinización. Así, lo que para Marcuse es unidimensional, para Foucault es disciplinario

Discurso, política y verdad: Michel Foucault y la función del intelectual

El objetivo del siguiente artículo es identificar los elementos que componen la función del intelectual en Michel Foucault y explicar el modo cómo ellos actúan. La tesis que se desarrollará es que dicha función se entiende a partir de los efectos políticos producidos por discursos de verdad. Se argumentará que en ella se concatenan estos tres elementos (Discurso, política y verdad) siendo atravesados por las relaciones de poder. Finalmente, se demostrará que su campo de acción se encuentra articulado con el análisis de los discursos que funcionan políticamente conforme a unos regímenes de verdad

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research