From Paris 2005 to Accra 2008: Will Aid Become More Accountable and Effective?

This draft position paper has been prepared by the International CSO1 Steering Group (ISG) coordinating the “CSO Parallel Process to the Ghana High Level Forum Network”. The ISG coordinating CSO Parallel Process to the Ghana High Level Forum network brings together various local, national, regional and international NGOs who are engaged in development issues, particularly the aid architecture and the aid effectiveness agenda. This network is involved in a multi-stakeholder process of engagement leading towards the High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, to be held in Accra, Ghana, in September 2008

Trends of Zambia’s tuberculosis burden over the past two decades

Objectives:  To study trends in Zambia’s TB notification rates between 1990 and 2010 and to ascertain progress made towards TB control. Methods:  Retrospective review of TB notification returns and TB programme reports for the period from 1990 to 2010. Results:  Two distinct TB trend periods were identified: a period of rising trends up to a peak between 1990 and 2004 and a period of moderately declining trends between 2004 and 2010. Treatment outcomes improved over the two decades. Data on trends in paediatric TB, TB in prisoners and TB in pregnant women remain scanty and unreliable owing to poor diagnostic capability. There were no data available on trends on drug-resistant TB because of the lack of laboratory services to perform drug sensitivity testing. Conclusions:  The period of increasing TB between 1990 and 2000 coincided with an increase in HIV/AIDS. The period of slightly decreasing TB between 2004 and 2010 can be attributed to improved TB care, sustained DOTS implementation and improvement in TB diagnostic services. Newer diagnostics technologies for the rapid diagnosis of active TB cases and for drug-resistant testing, recently endorsed by the WHO, need to be implemented into the national TB programmes to detect more cases and to provide epidemiological and surveillance data from which to obtain an evidence base for guided investments for TB control. Alignment of TB and HIV services is required to achieve improved management outcomes

Genetic response of growing cockerels to sorghum offal substitute for sorghum meal in a research environment

One hundred and fifty (150) Day old Anak cockerel chicks were used in this study, to evaluate the effect of feeding Sorghum Offal (SO) in the bird's performance, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics. They were distributed into five dietary treatments, with varied levels of weight for weight replacement (2, 3, 4, and 5 contained 15, 35, 55 and 75 % sorghum offal in place of sorghum meal) respectively. While treatment 1 with zero replacement serving as control. The response of the birds, in terms of feed intake weight gained, feed conversion efficiency, and  apparent nutrient digestibility and retention were determined. The organ weights and weight of cut parts were also recorded. The result showed that weight of organs such as spleen, heart, liver, kidney and proventriculus increased significantly across the row. The study indicated that the substitution of sorghum offal for sorghum meal at levels up to 35 % can be tolerated by cockerel chicks.KEYWORDS: Nutrient utilization, digestibility, Sorghum offal, carcass characteristics, performance, response

Assessment of serum biochemistry in West African Dwarf (WAD) does administered varying levels of medroxyl–progesterone acetate (MPA), an estrus synchronizing drug

This study was carried out to assess the health status (serum biochemistry) of West African Dwarf (WAD) does administered varying levels of modroxyl-progestrone acetate (MPA), an oestrus synchronizing drug. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design. Result of the experiment showed that all the does were in good health status before, during and after the drug administration. Blood serum electrolytes analyses showed that all parameters assessed were within the normal range of a healthy goat. Sodium (Na+) mEq/L and potassium (K+) mEq/L were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected, by the drug administered. Urea (mg/dl) and creatinine (mg/dl) were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the drugs administered. Serum enzymes activities in WAD does showed that alanine transaminase (ALT) (m/L) and aspartate transaminase (AST) (m/L) were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by administering MPA drug but alkaline phophatase (ALP) (mg/dl) was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced before and during the drug administration. Similarly, serum protein (g/dl) and serum glucose (mg/dl) values were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced before and during the drug administration. However, the result of this study showed that all the does were in good health status after synchronizing oestrus with the drug.Key words: Serum biochemistry, West African Dwarf (WAD) does, oestrus synchronization drug

Food production and consumption in Bamyan Province, Afghanistan: the challenges of sustainability and seasonality for dietary diversity

In Asia, high levels of malnutrition threaten the health and livelihoods of millions of households. This paper concentrates on linkages between agriculture and nutrition in Afghanistan where food and nutrition insecurity are increasing and agricultural sustainability is increasingly compromised by climate change. We explore seasonal patterns of food production and consumption in the remote and robust ecological environment of Shah Foladi, Bamyan Province. Analysis of qualitative data from household interviews in eight villages has provided a wealth of insights into the seasonality of diets. Even within a broadly homogeneous environment, households were found to be markedly heterogeneous in respect of their assets, production, market, finance and employment strategies. The so-called ‘lean season’ was found to vary accordingly. Nevertheless, a general lack of dietary diversity during much of the year is likely to cause micronutrient malnutrition, especially for the vulnerable groups of children, adolescent girls and women. Potential interventions are proposed which need to account for the local context in order to overcome the natural and political constraints. These strategies include agricultural innovation and multi-sectoral policy approaches. In the end, reducing national insecurity is a pre-requisite for sustainable improvement in nutrition-sensitive agricultural development

The Ambivalent Role of Mimetic Behaviors in Proximity Dynamics: Evidences on the French “Silicon Sentier”

This articles examines the peculiar role of mimetic behaviors in co-location processes. We start showing that geographical proximity between agents and/or firms is not a sufficient nor necessary condition for the collective performance of clusters. Other types of socio-economic proximities characterize clusters, and our purpose is to show that, among the several ways to analyze the complex links between proximities and clusters, the theoretical outlook on the role played by mimetic interactions in co-location processes are certainly one of the most promising. Mimetic behaviors of location (in economics and sociology) are introduced in order to demonstrate that co-location processes can be the result of sequentiality, uncertainty, legitimacy and non market interactions, rather than full rational and isolated decisions and pure strategic market interactions. According to the type of mimetic behavior at work in the clustering process, the nature of socio-economic proximity can differ and have a strong influence of the “evolutionary stability” of clusters. All these theoretical considerations are illustrated through the emblematic French case of “Silicon Sentier”, cluster which has gathered together three hundred firms of the French net-economy (the famous “dotcom”) during the Internet bubble swelling.cluster, mimetic interactions, proximity, stability, Silicon Sentier