115 research outputs found
The role and effectiveness of safety representatives in influencing workplace health and safety
Looking for a needle in a haystack: inference about individual fitness components in a heterogeneous population
Studies of wild vertebrates have provided evidence of substantial differences in lifetime reproduction among individuals and the sequences of life history ‘states’ during life (breeding, nonbreeding, etc.). Such differences may reflect ‘fixed’ differences in fitness components among individuals determined before, or at the onset of reproductive life. Many retrospective life history studies have translated this idea by assuming a ‘latent’ unobserved heterogeneity resulting in a fixed hierarchy among individuals in fitness components. Alternatively, fixed differences among individuals are not necessarily needed to account for observed levels of individual heterogeneity in life histories. Individuals with identical fitness traits may stochastically experience different outcomes for breeding and survival through life that lead to a diversity of ‘state’ sequences with some individuals living longer and being more productive than others, by chance alone. The question is whether individuals differ in their underlying fitness components in ways that cannot be explained by observable ‘states’ such as age, previous breeding success, etc. Here, we compare statistical models that represent these opposing hypotheses, and mixtures of them, using data from kittiwakes. We constructed models that accounted for observed covariates, individual random effects (unobserved heterogeneity), first-order Markovian transitions between observed states, or combinations of these features. We show that individual sequences of states are better accounted for by models incorporating unobserved heterogeneity than by models including first-order Markov processes alone, or a combination of both. If we had not considered individual heterogeneity, models including Markovian transitions would have been the best performing ones. We also show that inference about age-related changes in fitness components is sensitive to incorporation of underlying individual heterogeneity in models. Our approach provides insight into the sources of individual heterogeneity in life histories, and can be applied to other data sets to examine the ubiquity of our results across the tree of life
Surveying tropical birds is much harder than you think: a primer of best practices
Birds are tempting to include in studies of tropical ecology and conservation. Yet, they are deceptively difficult to detect, identify and, particularly, count. We briefly review some common challenges of surveying tropical birds, offer guidance on the most important decisions to consider when selecting methodologies, and recommend best practices to ensure collection of reliable, repeatable, and reviewer-friendly survey data
Incorporating ‘recruitment’ in matrix projection models : estimation, parameters, and the influence of model structure
Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2010. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Ornithology 152, Suppl.2 (2012):585-595, doi:10.1007/s10336-010-0573-1.Advances in the estimation of population parameters
using encounter data from marked individuals have
made it possible to include estimates of the probability of
recruitment in population projection models. However, the
projected growth rate of the population, and the sensitivity
of projected growth to changes in recruitment, can vary
significantly depending upon both the structural form of the
model and how recruitment is parameterized. We show that
the common practices of (1) collapsing some age classes
into a single, terminal ‘aggregated’ age-class, and (2) parameterizing
recruitment using the proportion of recruited
individuals (breeders) in a given age-class may confound
analysis of age-based (Leslie) matrix projection models in
some instances, relative to state-based projection models
where recruited and pre-recruited individuals are treated as
separate states. Failing to account for these differences can
lead to misinterpretation of the relative role of recruitment in
the dynamics of an age-structured population.We show that
such problems can be avoided, either by structural changes
to the terminal aggregated age-class in age-based models,
or by using using a state-based model instead. Since all
the metrics of general interest from a classical age-based
matrix models are readily derived from a state-based model
equivalent, this suggests there may be little reason to use the
classical age-based approach in situations where recruitment
is a parameter of interest
An in silico model of the ubiquitin-proteasome system that incorporates normal homeostasis and age-related decline
BACKGROUND: The ubiquitin-proteasome system is responsible for homeostatic degradation of intact protein substrates as well as the elimination of damaged or misfolded proteins that might otherwise aggregate. During ageing there is a decline in proteasome activity and an increase in aggregated proteins. Many neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by the presence of distinctive ubiquitin-positive inclusion bodies in affected regions of the brain. These inclusions consist of insoluble, unfolded, ubiquitinated polypeptides that fail to be targeted and degraded by the proteasome. We are using a systems biology approach to try and determine the primary event in the decline in proteolytic capacity with age and whether there is in fact a vicious cycle of inhibition, with accumulating aggregates further inhibiting proteolysis, prompting accumulation of aggregates and so on. A stochastic model of the ubiquitin-proteasome system has been developed using the Systems Biology Mark-up Language (SBML). Simulations are carried out on the BASIS (Biology of Ageing e-Science Integration and Simulation) system and the model output is compared to experimental data wherein levels of ubiquitin and ubiquitinated substrates are monitored in cultured cells under various conditions. The model can be used to predict the effects of different experimental procedures such as inhibition of the proteasome or shutting down the enzyme cascade responsible for ubiquitin conjugation. RESULTS: The model output shows good agreement with experimental data under a number of different conditions. However, our model predicts that monomeric ubiquitin pools are always depleted under conditions of proteasome inhibition, whereas experimental data show that monomeric pools were depleted in IMR-90 cells but not in ts20 cells, suggesting that cell lines vary in their ability to replenish ubiquitin pools and there is the need to incorporate ubiquitin turnover into the model. Sensitivity analysis of the model revealed which parameters have an important effect on protein turnover and aggregation kinetics. CONCLUSION: We have developed a model of the ubiquitin-proteasome system using an iterative approach of model building and validation against experimental data. Using SBML to encode the model ensures that it can be easily modified and extended as more data become available. Important aspects to be included in subsequent models are details of ubiquitin turnover, models of autophagy, the inclusion of a pool of short-lived proteins and further details of the aggregation process
Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008
SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
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