L’écocentrisme et ses appels normatifs à la nature : sont-ils nécessairement fallacieux ?

Cet article examine les appels normatifs à la nature tels qu’ils interviennent dans l’écocentrisme. Il expose d’abord la ressemblance entre ces appels à la nature tels qu’ils se présentent dans l’écocentrisme et dans les éthiques naturalistes plus traditionnelles. Il se penche ensuite sur deux objections auxquelles cette ressemblance rend apparemment l’écocentrisme vulnérable : l’objection du sophisme naturaliste et l’objection des maux naturels. L’article fait valoir que l’objection du sophisme naturaliste, lorsque soulevée contre l’écocentrisme et les éthiques naturalistes en général, confond une question d’éthique normative avec une question métaéthique. Ensuite, l’article expose diverses variantes de l’objection des maux naturels et montre que l’écocentrisme parvient à les éviter, d’une part, en distinguant deux manières d’accorder de la valeur à la nature, et d’autre part, en insistant sur les bienfaits qu’apporte la nature écologique à l’être humain. L’article conclut donc que ces deux objections échouent à présenter des problèmes sérieux pour l’écocentrisme

Impact of the economic crisis on human resources for health policies in Southern EU countries

Background The economic and financial crisis which started in the European Union in 2008 affected some countries more than others. Cyprus, Greece, and Portugal had to receive emergency financial aid from the so-called Troika (International Monetary Fund, Central European Bank, European Commission) and consequently were imposed severe austerity measures. All sectors were affected, including health. This paper focuses on the effects of the crisis on the health workforce, which represents the largest share of expenditures in the sector, and on policy responses from these three governments to measures ‘imposed' by the Troika. Methods A systematic search of peer-reviewed and grey literature, and key sources such as government websites was performed. Interviews with key informants were also conducted. Country data and information served to assess policy responses and their effects on the availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of human resources for health. Results Countries responded to the crisis and to the conditions set by lenders by reducing or freezing salaries and benefits, by cutting on recruitment and even dismissing personnel, by increasing workloads, and by introducing other cost containment measures. The three countries do not seem to have used the crisis as an opportunity to make efficiency gains and thereby improve the performance of their health workforce. Conclusions This paper is included in the Workshop because it discusses policy responses to a major economic shock by governments facing external constraints, which at the same time limited their capacity for action and provided opportunities for reforminfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Managing Stored Data For Mobile Apps: Survey Of Apps And Case Study

Stored data is a critical component of any application. The stored data component of mobile applications (apps) presents special considerations. This paper examines the management of stored data for mobile apps. It identifies three types of mobile apps and describes the stored data characteristics of each type. It presents decision factors for selecting a data storage approach for a mobile app and the impact of the factors on the usability of the app. The paper surveys over 70 apps in a specific domain (that of walking the Camino de Santiago in Spain) to examine their data storage characteristics. Finally the paper presents a case study of the development of one app in this domain (eCamino). The paper concludes that in the domain examined the data storage approach selected for a mobile app depends on the characteristics of the situation in which the app will be used

Fitting-Attitude Analyses and the Relation Between Final and Intrinsic Value

This paper examines the debate as to whether something can have final value in virtue of its relational (i.e., non-intrinsic) properties, or, more briefly put, whether final value must be intrinsic. The paper adopts the perspective of the fitting-attitude analysis (FA analysis) of value, and argues that from this perspective, there is no ground for the requirement that things may have final value only in virtue of their intrinsic properties, but that there might be some grounds for the alternate requirement that final value be grounded only in the essential properties of their bearers. First, the paper introduces the key elements of the FA analysis, and sets aside an obvious but unimportant way in which this analysis makes all final values relational. Second, it discusses some classical counterexamples to the view that final value must be intrinsic. Third, it discusses the relation between final, contributive, and signatory value. Fourth, it examines Zimmerman’s defense of the requirement that final value must be intrinsic on the grounds that final value cannot be derivative. And finally, it explores the alternative requirement that something may have final value in virtue of its essential properties.Cet article examine, selon la perspective de l’analyse de la valeur en termes d’attitudes appropriées (la AAA), le débat concernant la possibilité qu’une chose ait de la valeur finale en vertu de ses propriétés relationnelles, ou en d’autres termes, la question de savoir si toute valeur finale doit être intrinsèque. La thèse défendue par l’article est que, selon la perspective de la AAA, il n’y a aucune raison convaincante d’adopter l’exigence selon laquelle une chose ne pourrait avoir de la valeur finale qu’en vertu de ses propriétés intrinsèques, mais il semble y avoir des bases intuitives pour adopter l’exigence alternative selon laquelle la valeur finale devrait être fondée sur des propriétés essentielles de ses porteurs. L’article présente d’abord les éléments clés de la AAA et met à l’écart une manière non pertinente selon laquelle celle-ci rend toute valeur finale relationnelle. Ensuite, l’article passe en revue quelques contre-exemples classiques à la thèse selon laquelle toute valeur finale serait nécessairement intrinsèque. Troisièmement, l’article discute de la relation entre valeurs finales, contributives et signatives. Quatrièmement, il examine la défense de l’exigence selon laquelle toute valeur finale devrait être aussi intrinsèque élaborée par Zimmerman. Et finalement, l’article explore l’exigence alternative selon laquelle une chose ne pourrait avoir de valeur finale qu’en vertu de ses propriétés essentielles

A two-stage solution approach for the Directed Rural Postman Problem with Turn Penalties

In this paper, we consider the Directed Rural Postman Problem with Turn Penalties (DRPP-TP). A solution is a tour that traverses all required arcs of the graph. The total cost of the tour is the sum of the lengths of the traversed arcs plus the penalties associated with the turns. One solution approach involves transforming the arc routing problem into an equivalent node routing problem. An alternative direct approach (without graph transformation) that involves two stages has been proposed in the literature. In the first part of this paper, we investigate the applicability of the direct approach. We identify several characteristics of the input instance that make this approach effective and present several limitations of this approach. In the second part of this paper, we describe an integer linear program that is combined with a local search algorithm. This combination produces high-quality solutions to the DRPP-TP in a reasonable amount of computing time. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V

L’art et la nature

À propos de : Catherine et Raphaël Larrère, Penser et agir avec la nature : Une enquête philosophique, Paris, La Découverte, 2015. L’idée d’une nature sauvage à protéger des avancées techniques ne prend en compte ni la complexité des artefacts, ni ce qu’implique aujourd’hui la protection de la nature. En mettant l’accent sur la notion de biodiversité, C. et R. Larrère cherchent à donner un nouveau fondement à l’écologie politique

assessment of pd 1 pd l1 colocalization in hepatocellular carcinoma hcc using bright field double labeling and quantitative digital image analysis

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m7824 msb0011359c a bifunctional fusion protein targeting pd l1 and tgf β in asian patients with pretreated biliary tract cancer preliminary results from a phase i trial

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