Gender, education and reciprocal generosity: Evidence from 1,500 experiment subjects

There is not general consensus about if women are more or less generous than men. Although the number of papers supporting more generous females is a bit larger than the opposed it is not possible to establish any definitive and systematic gender bias. This paper provides new evidence on this topic using a unique experimental dataset. We used data from a field experiment conducted under identical conditions (and monetary payoffs) in 6 Latin American cities, Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Lima, Montevideo and San José. Our dataset amounted to 3,107 experimental subjects who played the Trust Game. We will analyze the determinants of behavior of second movers, that is, what determines reciprocal generosity. In sharp contrast to previous papers we found that males are more generous than females. In the light of this result, we carried out a systematic analysis of individual features (income, education, age, etc.) for females and males separately. We found differential motivations for women and men. Third, we see that (individual) education enhances prosocial behavior. Lastly, we see that subjects’ expectations are crucial.reciprocal altruism, gender, education

Phenylenevinylene Systems: The Oligomer Approach

Among conducting polymers, poly-p-phenylenevinylenes (PPVs) have attained a special place in polymer electronics. The optoelectronic properties initially exposed by PPVs in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) turned these organic electronic conjugated systems from the solo academic interest into a technologically very promising area. The easiness of the tuning of their optoelectronic properties through synthetic modifications make PPVs an outstanding and suitable compound for technological applications and fundamental science development. Unfortunately, the synthesis and structural optoelectronic characterization of novel PPVs is a long and difficult task that sometimes yields unclear results. However, phenylenevinylene oligomers (oPV) can be synthesized and characterized in a very straightforward manner, and their performance in novel applications can be directly related to their structural analogue polymer, methodology designated as the oligomer approach. Herein, we describe the oligomer approach using the Mizoroki-Heck reaction as a synthetic route for oPVs and PPVs, and the importance of an extensive characterization for novel applications, such as photocatalysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrices, where these electronic conjugated systems have very promising applications

¿Cuál es su diagnóstico?

ResumenMujer de 30 años que consultó por masa a nivel vulvar, acompañada de crecimiento del perimetro abdominal y pérdida de peso. TenÍa como antecedente dos intervenciones previas por quistes vaginales (1 y 2 años antes), sin informe histopatológico. GOPO con deseos de embarazo

Analysis of the existing correlations of effective friction angle for eastern piedmont soils of Bogota from in situ tests

Estimar el ángulo de fricción efectivo del suelo a partir de ensayos in situ es una tarea complicada debido a las altas tasas de deformación existentes en este tipo de ensayos, que tienden a ser demasiado invasivos y perturban las vecindades de la profundidad del ensayo y aún la muestra que eventualmente se toma en el sitio. Así mismo, la mayoría de correlaciones encontradas en la literatura actual, para obtener el ángulo de fricción efectivo, usando ensayos de campo han sido desarrolladas para suelos de otras latitudes, por tal razón al ser implementadas en suelos tropicales presentan alta dispersión, cuando se desea comparar los valores de parámetros de campo, con los resultados reales obtenidos en el laboratorio. Esta investigación busca mediante el uso de ensayos in situ, definir por medio de análisis de diferentes correlaciones, cuál de estas se ajusta mejor a las condiciones propias de suelos del piedemonte de la ciudad de Bogotá, la cual se considera la problemática primordial a resolver en el artículo. Para el presente estudio serán utilizados datos provenientes del SPT - Standard Penetration Test (de amplio uso en Colombia) y SPT-T Standard Penetration Test + Torque (nunca antes llevado a cabo en el país), realizados teniendo en cuenta la normativa acorde para cada ensayo. Considerando que para el SPT-T no existe norma local que rija este tipo de ensayos. Las correcciones por procedimientos de campo de los ensayos que se implementaron fueron realizadas por confinamiento efectivo y transferencia de energía del martillo golpeador, ya que en el estado del arte del tema son definidos como los que influyen de manera directa en la confiabilidad de los resultados. Los resultados finales muestran la tendencia de cada una de las metodologías usadas para obtener la correlación, en relación con el valor real del ángulo de fricción efectivo, obtenido de ensayos de laboratorio.To estimate the effective friction angle of soil from in situ test is a complicated job, due to high rates of strain existing in this kind of tests, which tend to be too invasive and disturb the vicinities of test depth, even the sample that eventually is taken at the site. Likewise, the most of the correlations found in the current bibliography to obtain the effective friction angle using field tests, have been developed for soils from different regions. For that reason when are implemented on tropical soils present high scatter, to compare the field parameter values with real results obtained at the lab. This research aims to use in situ tests define through of analysis of different correlations, which fits adequately to the specific conditions of the piedmont soils of Bogota. For the present study will be utilized data from SPT (widely used in Colombia) and SPT-T (never before conducted in the country), carried out considering the appropriated norms to each test, taking in account to SPT-T, doesn’t exist local standard governing such tests. The correlations for field procedures of the tests implemented were for effective confining and energy transference of the SPT hammer, since the state-of-the-art mentions it as the most affect the reliability of the final results. The final results show the tendency of the methodologies used to obtain the correlation, in relation with the real value of effective friction angle from of lab tests

The relationship between truncation and phosphorylation at the C-terminus of tau protein in the paired helical filaments of Alzheimer's disease

Acknowledgements: Authors want to express their gratitude to Dr. P. Davies (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA) and Lester I. Binder (NorthWestern, Chicago, IL, USA) for the generous gift of mAbs (TG-3, Alz-50, and MC1), and (TauC-3), respectively, and to M. en C. Ivan J. Galván-Mendoza for his support in confocal microscopy, and Ms. Maricarmen De Lorenz for her secretarial assistance. We also want to express our gratitude to the Mexican Families who donate the brain of their loved ones affected with Alzheimer's disease, and made possible our research. This work was financially supported by CONACyT grant, No. 142293 (For R.M).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Molecular systematics of the genus Acidithiobacillus:insights into the phylogenetic structure and diversification of the taxon

The acidithiobacilli are sulfur-oxidizing acidophilic bacteria that thrive in both natural and anthropogenic low pH environments. They contribute to processes that lead to the generation of acid rock drainage in several different geoclimatic contexts, and their properties have long been harnessed for the biotechnological processing of minerals. Presently, the genus is composed of seven validated species, described between 1922 and 2015: Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, A. ferrooxidans, A. albertensis, A. caldus, A. ferrivorans, A. ferridurans, and A. ferriphilus. However, a large number of Acidithiobacillus strains and sequence clones have been obtained from a variety of ecological niches over the years, and many isolates are thought to vary in phenotypic properties and cognate genetic traits. Moreover, many isolates remain unclassified and several conflicting specific assignments muddle the picture from an evolutionary standpoint. Here we revise the phylogenetic relationships within this species complex and determine the phylogenetic species boundaries using three different typing approaches with varying degrees of resolution: 16S rRNA gene-based ribotyping, oligotyping, and multi-locus sequencing analysis (MLSA). To this end, the 580 16S rRNA gene sequences affiliated to the Acidithiobacillus spp. were collected from public and private databases and subjected to a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. Oligotyping was used to profile high-entropy nucleotide positions and resolve meaningful differences between closely related strains at the 16S rRNA gene level. Due to its greater discriminatory power, MLSA was used as a proxy for genome-wide divergence in a smaller but representative set of strains. Results obtained indicate that there is still considerable unexplored diversity within this genus. At least six new lineages or phylotypes, supported by the different methods used herein, are evident within the Acidithiobacillus species complex. Although the diagnostic characteristics of these subgroups of strains are as yet unresolved, correlations to specific metadata hint to the mechanisms behind econiche-driven divergence of some of the species/phylotypes identified. The emerging phylogenetic structure for the genus outlined in this study can be used to guide isolate selection for future population genomics and evolutionary studies in this important acidophile model

Las vecindades del Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara en la actualidad

En esta investigación estudiaremos y analizaremos desde una perspectiva histórica y cultural las vecindades en México, enfocándonos especialmente en las existentes en el Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara, cómo éstas han ido evolucionando a través del tiempo y lo que queda de ellas en la actualidad. Los resultados de este estudio se verán reflejados en una serie de postales referentes a las vecindades en el Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara

Estimación de la biomasa de una comunidad vegetal altoandina utilizando imágenes multiespectrales adquiridas con sensores remotos UAV y modelos de Regresión Lineal Múltiple, Máquina de Vectores Soporte y Bosques Aleatorios

Remote sensing with large-scale satellite images for precision studies in grasslands has spatial and spectral resolution limitations. Against this, using spectral signs and vegetation indices obtained with microsensors transported by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) constitutes a more accurate alternative for biomass estimation. In the fieldwork, images were acquired with microsensors, and fixed transects of 100 m were used where vegetation samples were collected. The photographs acquired with the UAV were processed in Pix 4D, Arc Gis, and algorithms elaborated in R programming language. The biomass estimation was carried out with Multiple Linear Regression, Vector Support Machine, and Random (Forest Random) models. The Random model showed a Kappa coefficient of 0.94 in the training set and 0.901 in the test set (R2 = 0.482). The Random Forest model predicted 3 g/pixel of MV for Puna grass in the rainy season and 2 g/pixel for the dry season; the predicted biomass for the Tola bush was 15 g/pixel of MV for both seasons of the year. The estimation of biomass/hectare for the tolar plant community with its tola shrub and Puna grass components was 6,535.88 kg/ha for the rainy season and 6,588.81 kg/ha for the dry season. The difference between the biomass estimated in the field and the biomass estimated with Random Forest was 5.48% for the rainy season and 9.63% for the dry season.La teledetección con imágenes satelitales de gran escala para estudios de precisión en pastizales presenta limitaciones en su resolución espacial y espectral; frente a ello el uso de signos espectrales e índices de vegetación obtenidos con microsensores transportados por vehículo aéreo no tripulado (VANT) constituyen una alternativa de mayor precisión para la estimación de biomasa. En el trabajo de campo, además de adquirir las imágenes con los microsensores, se utilizaron transectas fijas de 100 m donde se recolectaron muestras de vegetación. Las fotografías adquiridas con el VANT se procesaron en Pix 4D, Arc Gis y algoritmos elaborados en el lenguaje de programación R. La estimación de biomasa se realizó con los modelos de Regresión Lineal Múltiple, Máquina de Soporte Vectorial y Random (Bosques Aleatorios). El modelo Random mostró un coeficiente Kappa de 0,94 en el set entrenamiento y de 0,901 en el set de prueba (R2 = 0,482). El modelo Random Forest predijo 3 g/pixel de MV para césped de puna en la época de lluvia y 2 g/pixel para la época seca; la biomasa predicha para el arbusto de Tola fue de 15 g/pixel de MV para ambas épocas del año. La estimación de biomasa/hectárea para la comunidad vegetal tolar con sus componentes arbusto de tola y césped de puna fue de 6535,88 kg/ha para la época de lluvia y de 6588,81 kg/ha para la época seca. La diferencia entre las estimaciones de biomasa en campo y la estimación con Random Forest fue de 5,48% para época de lluvia y de 9,63% para época de estiaje